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Less often remembered are the smaller peoples — those whose languages still live in mountain valleys, steppe villages, and distant towns. Their historical places lie scattered across wide lands, from quiet riverbanks to highland passes and forgotten roads. This encyclopedia gathers what can still be known of their histories and ways of life.",{"title":420,"miniatures":421,"cities":468},"The Turkic World in Detail & Modern Cities",[422,426,429,432,435,438,441,444,447,450,453,456,459,462,465],{"title":423,"to":424,"img":425},"Timurid-Egyptian envoy scene by Behzad","/miniatures","/miniatures-web/index/Behzad_timur_egyptian.jpg.webp",{"title":427,"to":424,"img":428},"Portrait of Muhammad Shaybani, Khan of the Uzbeks","/miniatures-web/index/Muhammad_Shaybani.jpg.webp",{"title":430,"to":424,"img":431},"Conquest of Baghdad by Timur, from Zafarnama (Book of Victories)","/miniatures-web/index/Conquest_of_Baghdad_by_Timur_,_Folio_from_a_Zafarnama_(Book_of_Victories)_MET.jpg.webp",{"title":433,"to":424,"img":434},"The Battle of Mohács","/miniatures-web/index/Battle_of_Mohács.jpg.webp",{"title":436,"to":424,"img":437},"Funeral of Sultan Murad II","/miniatures-web/index/Funeral_of_Murat_II.png.webp",{"title":439,"to":424,"img":440},"Lion Hunt of Emperor Jahangir, circa 1615","/miniatures-web/index/Jahangir's_Lion_Hunt_ca._1615,_Aga_Khan_Museum,_Geneva.jpg.webp",{"title":442,"to":424,"img":443},"Construction of the Fort of Kharnaq, by Kamal-ud-din Bihzad","/miniatures-web/index/Kamal-ud-din_Bihzad_-_Construction_of_the_fort_of_Kharnaq.jpg.webp",{"title":445,"to":424,"img":446},"Mughal Troops in Pursuit of the Armies of Da'ud","/miniatures-web/index/Mughal_Troops_Chase_the_Armies_of_Da'ud.jpg.webp",{"title":448,"to":424,"img":449},"Page from the Jahangir Album with calligraphy by Mir Ali, circa 1600","/miniatures-web/index/Page_from_Jahangir_Album_with_calligraphy_Mir_Ali,_ca._1600,_Freer_Gallery_of_Art,_Washington.jpg.webp",{"title":451,"to":424,"img":452},"Emperor Shah Jahan on Horseback, from the Shah Jahan Album, circa 1630","/miniatures-web/index/Payag,_Shah_Jahan_on_Horseback,_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1630,_Metmuseum.jpg.webp",{"title":454,"to":424,"img":455},"Pictorial Genealogy of the Descendants of Emperor Jahangir, circa 1623-27","/miniatures-web/index/Pictorial_Genealogy_Of_The_Descendants_Of_Jahangir._ca._1623-27,_Aga_Khan_Museum,_Ceneva.jpg.webp",{"title":457,"to":424,"img":458},"Accession of Sultan Selim II to the Throne (Part A)","/miniatures-web/index/Selim_II_ascends_to_the_throne_-_A.jpg.webp",{"title":460,"to":424,"img":461},"Accession of Sultan Selim II to the Throne (Part B)","/miniatures-web/index/Selim_II_ascends_to_the_throne_-_B.jpg.webp",{"title":463,"to":424,"img":464},"Siege of Nakhchivan, from the Süleymanname","/miniatures-web/index/Sueleymanname_nahcevan.jpg.webp",{"title":466,"to":424,"img":467},"Portrait of the Scholar Taqi al-Din","/miniatures-web/index/Taqi_al_din.jpg.webp",[469,472,475,478,481,484,487,490,493,496],{"title":470,"img":471},"Kazan","/cities/kazan.png",{"title":473,"to":404,"img":474},"Almaty","/cities/almaty.png",{"title":476,"to":416,"img":477},"Istanbul","/cities/istanbul.png",{"title":479,"img":480},"Mazar-e-Sharif","/cities/mazar-e-sharif.png",{"title":482,"to":401,"img":483},"Tashkent","/cities/tashkent.png",{"title":485,"to":407,"img":486},"Baku","/cities/baku.png",{"title":488,"to":404,"img":489},"Astana","/cities/astana.png",{"title":491,"to":413,"img":492},"Ashgabat","/cities/ashgabat.png",{"title":494,"to":416,"img":495},"Ankara","/cities/ankara.png",{"title":497,"img":498},"Urumqi","/cities/urumqi.png","yml",[501,504,507,510,513,516],{"title":43,"description":502,"icon":503,"to":413},"A nation of neutrality, deep history, and unique traditions.","i-circle-flags:tm",{"title":180,"description":505,"icon":506,"to":416},"Where East meets West, a bridge between continents and a hub of dynamic growth.","i-circle-flags:lang-tr",{"title":227,"description":508,"icon":509,"to":404},"The land of the Great Steppe, a nation of vast resources and ambitious vision.","i-circle-flags:kz",{"title":274,"description":511,"icon":512,"to":401},"The cradle of ancient Silk Road civilization, home to legendary cities like Samarkand and Bukhara.","i-circle-flags:lang-uz",{"title":90,"description":514,"icon":515,"to":407},"The Land of Fire, where ancient Zoroastrian heritage meets modern energy power.","i-circle-flags:lang-az",{"title":137,"description":517,"icon":518,"to":410},"The land of celestial mountains, preserving a rich nomadic culture and breathtaking natural beauty","i-circle-flags:kg",{"title":520,"description":521,"features":522},"Turkestan Series","The Turkestan Series of paintings was created during two expeditions to Central Asia in 1867–1868 and 1869–1870, as well as in Paris during the winter of 1868–1869 and in Munich between 1871 and 1873.\n\nIn the summer of 1867, V. V. Vereshchagin learned that General Konstantin Petrovich Kaufman—newly appointed as the Governor-General of Turkestan and Commander of the Turkestan Military District—was seeking an artist to join his entourage. Through friends, Vereshchagin secured a meeting with the Governor-General and presented his Caucasian sketches. Kaufman was intrigued by the young man and commissioned him into service with the rank of ensign (praporshchik). Notably, Vereshchagin negotiated the right to abstain from wearing a military uniform and received a guarantee that he would not be considered for further promotions.\n",[523,529,533,536,539,542,545,548,551,554],{"title":524,"description":525,"icon":526,"to":527,"img":528},"The Apotheosis of War, 1872, Oil on canvas","Apotheosis depicts a pile of human skulls set on the barren earth, the aftermath of a battle or siege. A flock of carrion birds are seen to be occupied with picking over the pile; some birds have already landed, while others are flying in or roosting in nearby trees. The ground below them is a sallow, earthy yellow covered with grass, complementing the dirty ivory color of the partially-bleached skulls. The shadow cast by the mound, coupled with the many black orifices created by empty jaws and eye-sockets, adds a sense of depth to the painting, further exacerbating the scale of the deathly pile.\n\nA range of mountains serves as a dividing line for the painting, separating the vastness of the steppes from the emptiness of the sky, while the city of Samarkand can be seen in the far right of the painting. The city's walls have visibly been breached, a reference to the Siege of Samarkand in the summer of 1868 in which the Russian garrison repulsed a Bukharid attack. On the work's frame, Vereshchagin inscribed that he dedicated the painting \"to all great conquerors, past, present and to come\".\n","i-streamline-plump-color:painting-board-flat","/docs/","/turkestan-series/vereshagin-war-apopheos.jpg",{"title":530,"icon":526,"to":531,"img":532},"They are Triumphant, 1872, Oil on canvas","/docs/common/turkic-peoples","/turkestan-series/torzhestvo.jpg",{"title":534,"icon":526,"to":531,"img":535},"They Attack Unaware, 1871, Oil on canvas","/turkestan-series/Wassilij_Wassiljewitsch_Wereschtschagin_002.jpg",{"title":537,"icon":526,"to":531,"img":538},"Envoys. \"Surrender!\" — \"Go to hell!\", 1873, Oil on canvas","/turkestan-series/envoys.jpg",{"title":540,"icon":526,"to":531,"img":541},"At the Fortress Walls. Let them Enter, 1871, Oil on canvas","/turkestan-series/bitva.jpg",{"title":543,"icon":526,"to":531,"img":544},"Kyrgyz tent on the Chu River, 1869—1870, Oil on canvas","/turkestan-series/kirgizya.jpg",{"title":546,"icon":526,"to":531,"img":547},"They are spying on the enemy, 1873, Oil on canvas","/turkestan-series/looking-around.jpg",{"title":549,"icon":526,"to":531,"img":550},"Mullah Rahim and Mullah Kerim on his way to the bazaar are quarreling, 1873, Oil on canvas","/turkestan-series/mulla.jpg",{"title":552,"icon":526,"to":531,"img":553},"Shir Dor madrasah in Registan Square in Samarkand, 1869 - 1870, Oil on canvas","/turkestan-series/Sherdor.jpg",{"title":555,"icon":526,"to":531,"img":556},"Mausoleum of Shah-i-Zinda in Samarkand, 1869 - 1870, Oil on canvas","/turkestan-series/shah-i-zinda.jpg",{"title":558,"description":418,"links":559,"features":569},"Encyclopedia of the Turkic World",[560,563],{"label":561,"to":531,"class":562},"Get started","nuxt-only",{"label":564,"to":565,"variant":566,"color":567,"trailingIcon":568},"Explore timeline","/timeline","outline","neutral","i-lucide-arrow-right",[570,574,578],{"icon":571,"title":572,"description":573},"i-streamline-plump-color:book-1-flat","The Turkic World: Your Digital Gateway","Discover shared roots, languages, and a vibrant, diverse culture.",{"icon":575,"title":576,"description":577},"i-streamline-color:islam-flat","Related languages, diverse peoples","Explore a language family and the distinct histories of its speakers across Eurasia.",{"icon":579,"title":580,"description":581},"i-streamline-plump-color:world-flat","Unlock the New World","From Siberian heartlands to Mediterranean shores, discover the peoples and cultures that shape the Turkic world. Your comprehensive guide to a rich, interconnected heritage awaits.",{"title":352,"features":583},[584,588,591,594,596,599,602,605,608],{"title":585,"to":586,"img":587},"Emirate of Bukhara","/flags","/history-flags/bukhara.svg",{"title":589,"to":586,"img":590},"Bayat","/history-flags/bayat.svg",{"title":592,"to":586,"img":593},"Young turks","/history-flags/young_turk.svg",{"title":25,"to":586,"img":595},"/history-flags/gagauz.svg",{"title":597,"to":586,"img":598},"Gokturk","/history-flags/gokturk.svg",{"title":600,"to":586,"img":601},"Nogai","/history-flags/nogai.svg",{"title":603,"to":586,"img":604},"Uyghur","/history-flags/uyghur.svg",{"title":606,"to":586,"img":607},"Khalaj","/history-flags/khalaj.svg",{"title":609,"to":586,"img":610},"Zangezur","/history-flags/zangezur.svg",{"community":612},{"title":613,"description":614,"links":615},"Join us in a collaborative journey","The story of the Turkic world is ever-evolving. We invite scholars, enthusiasts, and all who hold knowledge to contribute to this living resource, helping us build the most accurate and comprehensive portrait of our shared heritage.",[616,621],{"label":617,"color":567,"to":618,"target":619,"icon":620},"Star on GitHub","https://github.com/nuxt/ui","_blank","i-lucide-star",{"label":622,"color":567,"variant":566,"to":623,"trailingIcon":568},"Meet the team","/people",true,"/en",{"title":395,"description":418},"en/index",{"title":629,"features":630},"How to contribute",[631,637,644],{"title":632,"description":633,"icon":634,"img":635,"to":531,"body":636},"Asilbek Madiev","Founder","i-fa-solid:user-tie","/users/founder.svg","A number of smaller peoples remain poorly documented. Turkion keeps their languages and histories accessible and makes sources visible so the material can be checked and improved.",{"title":638,"description":639,"icon":640,"img":641,"to":642,"body":643},"For researchers","Research review","i-lucide:book-open-check","/users/investor.svg","/docs/essentials/markdown-syntax","Check dates and historical claims against primary or academic sources. Suggest precise corrections and references for draft articles.",{"title":645,"description":646,"icon":647,"img":648,"to":642,"body":649},"For contributors","Writing and translation","i-lucide:pen-line","/users/author.svg","Use the contributor guide to prepare sourced articles and translations. Drafts are marked until they receive specialist review.",{"title":352,"features":651},[652,656,660,664,668,672,676,680,684,688],{"title":354,"description":653,"to":654,"img":655},"Abbasid Caliphate (with Karluk Turks) vs. Tang Dynasty China. A pivotal engagement in Central Asia that halted westward Chinese expansion and allowed for the westward spread of Islam among Turkic peoples. It is also famous for the transfer of papermaking technology from China to the Muslim world.","/docs/wars/battle-of-talas","/wars/Battle of Talas.png",{"title":362,"description":657,"to":658,"img":659},"Seljuk Empire vs. Byzantine Empire. The decisive Seljuk victory at Manzikert opened Anatolia (modern Turkey) to Turkic settlement, leading to its eventual Turkification and Islamization. This is the foundational event for the creation of modern Turkey.","/docs/wars/seljuk-byzantine-wars","/wars/Seljuk-Byzantine Wars.png",{"title":366,"description":661,"to":662,"img":663},"Mongol Empire (incorporating many Turkic tribes) vs. various states across Eurasia. While led by the Mongols, these campaigns incorporated and reshaped vast Turkic populations. The conquests led to the creation of Turkic-Mongol successor states (like the Golden Horde and Chagatai Khanate) that became crucibles for later Turkic empires (e.g., Timurids, Ottomans, Uzbeks).","/docs/wars/mongol-conquests","/wars/Mongol Conquests.png",{"title":370,"description":665,"to":666,"img":667},"Ottoman Empire vs. Byzantine Empire, Balkan states, Safavid Persia, Mamluk Sultanate. These wars established the Ottoman Empire as a world power, destroyed the Byzantine Empire, and secured Ottoman dominance in the Balkans, Anatolia, and the Middle East for centuries.","/docs/wars/ottoman-wars-of-expansion","/wars/Ottoman Wars of Expansion.png",{"title":374,"description":669,"to":670,"img":671},"Timurid Empire vs. Golden Horde, Delhi Sultanate, Ottoman Empire, Mamluk Sultanate. Led by the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), these brutal campaigns from Central India to Anatolia briefly created a vast empire. Although short-lived, they reshaped political landscapes, crippled rival powers like the Golden Horde, and fostered a cultural renaissance in his capitals.","/docs/wars/timurs-military-campaigns","/wars/Timur's Military Campaigns.png",{"title":378,"description":673,"to":674,"img":675},"Ottoman Empire vs. Habsburg Empire (Austria/Spain) and allies. This centuries-long struggle defined the frontier between Islam and Christianity in Central Europe. The failed second Siege of Vienna (1683) marked the beginning of the Ottoman Empire's prolonged retreat from Europe.","/docs/wars/ottoman-habsburg-wars","/wars/Ottoman-Habsburg Wars.png",{"title":382,"description":677,"to":678,"img":679},"Tsardom of Russia vs. Khanate of Kazan. The conquest of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible ended the rule of the last major successor state of the Golden Horde on the Volga River. It was a catastrophic turning point, leading to the gradual Russian conquest and absorption of most other Turkic khanates in the region (Astrakhan, Sibir).","/docs/wars/russo-kazan-wars","/wars/Russo-Kazan Wars.png",{"title":386,"description":681,"to":682,"img":683},"Ottoman Empire vs. Safavid Empire (Persia). A sectarian and geopolitical struggle between the Sunni Ottoman and Shia Safavid empires. It solidified the split of the West Asian world along Ottoman-Persian lines and established a lasting border, heavily influencing the identities of modern Turkey, Iran, and Iraq.","/docs/wars/ottoman-safavid-wars","/wars/Ottoman-Safavid Wars.png",{"title":390,"description":685,"to":686,"img":687},"Forces of Babur (a Timurid prince of Turco-Mongol heritage) vs. Delhi Sultanate. Using Ottoman-style gunpowder tactics, Babur defeated a much larger Indian army. This victory laid the foundation for the Mughal Empire in India, which became one of the world's greatest powers and left an indelible cultural legacy on the subcontinent.","/docs/wars/foundation-of-the-mughal-empire","/wars/Mughal Empire.png",{"title":358,"description":689,"to":690,"img":691},"Turkish National Movement (Ankara Government) vs. Allied Powers (Greece, France, Armenia, UK/Italy) & the Ottoman Sultanate. Led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, this conflict followed WWI and prevented the partition of Anatolia by Allied powers. It resulted in the abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey as a modern, secular nation-state.","/docs/wars/turkish-war-of-independence","/wars/The Turkish War of Independence.png","bOy_fXY-n9ZQYnJ8KHNChS_1oNmQ_m7JYBAl8ZI_4KU",1791560742361]