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Wars","/en/docs/wars/russo-kazan-wars","en/docs/9.wars/7.russo-kazan-wars",{"title":386,"path":387,"stem":388},"Ottoman–Persian Wars","/en/docs/wars/ottoman-safavid-wars","en/docs/9.wars/8.ottoman-safavid-wars",{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"First Battle of Panipat","/en/docs/wars/foundation-of-the-mughal-empire","en/docs/9.wars/9.foundation-of-the-mughal-empire",{"id":394,"title":281,"body":395,"description":516,"editorialStatus":517,"extension":518,"links":519,"meta":520,"navigation":521,"path":282,"seo":522,"sources":523,"stem":283,"translationOf":282,"updatedAt":521,"__hash__":525},"docs_en/en/docs/7.uzbekistan/architectural-craft.md",{"type":396,"value":397,"toc":503},"minimark",[398,402,407,410,414,417,420,424,427,430,434,442,445,449,452,455,459,462,466,486,490,500],[399,400,401],"p",{},"Architectural craft in Uzbekistan includes the making and repair of decorated surfaces, structural woodwork, and interior fittings in mosques, madrasas, houses, and public buildings. Tile, carved wood, baked brick, and ornamental plaster are among its principal materials. The best-known historical monuments provide important examples, but these crafts also persist in restoration workshops, contemporary buildings, and the production of smaller decorative objects.",[403,404,406],"h2",{"id":405},"historical-and-geographic-context","Historical and geographic context",[399,408,409],{},"Oasis cities with access to clay, timber, and workshop labour developed distinctive building surfaces and interior fittings over many centuries. Their methods spread through artisan networks and remain visible in both urban monuments and domestic construction.",[403,411,413],{"id":412},"tile-and-brick-surfaces","Tile and brick surfaces",[399,415,416],{},"Glazed ceramic tiles have been used to cover domes, portals, façades, and interior surfaces in cities such as Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, and Shahrisabz. Cobalt blue, turquoise, white, and green glazes can be arranged in geometric, vegetal, and epigraphic compositions. Different methods include individually painted tiles, mosaic pieces cut into shapes, and glazed bricks. The choice of technique affects the precision of a pattern, the durability of a surface, and the division of labour among artisans.",[399,418,419],{},"Tilework is often treated as a static feature of historic architecture, but it requires maintenance. Weather, salt, moisture, and structural movement can damage glazed surfaces. Restoration specialists document surviving fragments, assess materials, and decide how much replacement is appropriate. Their work involves historical research and practical judgement, since new tiles may be needed to stabilize a building without making the entire surface appear newly made.",[403,421,423],{"id":422},"carved-and-joined-wood","Carved and joined wood",[399,425,426],{},"Woodwork appears in doors, columns, screens, ceilings, furniture, and small architectural fittings. Carvers use geometric interlace, vegetal motifs, and inscriptions, adapting designs to the size and function of each element. In some traditions, pieces are joined through carefully cut connections rather than relying only on nails or adhesive. Wood selection, seasoning, and protection from moisture are as important as the carved pattern.",[399,428,429],{},"Columns and doors in older buildings show how craft responds to use. A doorway must bear handling and changes in temperature, while a column supports a roof and contributes to the visual order of a courtyard or prayer hall. Contemporary workshops may produce reproductions or simplified versions for new houses, restaurants, and cultural spaces. Such work can extend a craft vocabulary into new settings, even when the building’s structure uses modern materials.",[403,431,433],{"id":432},"plaster-paint-and-interior-decoration","Plaster, paint, and interior decoration",[399,435,436,437,441],{},"Ornamental plasterwork, often called ",[438,439,440],"em",{},"ganch",", is shaped and carved for walls, ceilings, niches, and window surrounds. It can create low-relief patterns that catch light differently through the day. Painters may add colour to plaster or to wooden ceilings, producing layered interiors in which carving, paint, and structural elements work together. In domestic architecture, these details can mark a reception room or a place used for family ceremonies.",[399,443,444],{},"The techniques require knowledge of mixtures, drying time, tools, and scale. A pattern transferred from paper to a wall must be adjusted to corners, openings, and uneven surfaces. Apprentices learn by preparing materials, tracing designs, and observing a master’s corrections. As with other crafts, workshop practice combines repeated motifs with decisions made for a particular commission.",[403,446,448],{"id":447},"craft-lineages-and-training","Craft lineages and training",[399,450,451],{},"Architectural crafts have been transmitted through family workshops, master-apprentice relationships, vocational education, and restoration institutions. An artisan may specialize in tile production, wood carving, plasterwork, or a related trade, while larger projects require cooperation across specialties. Orders for restoration, tourism-oriented construction, religious buildings, and private houses influence the availability of work and the forms that are produced.",[399,453,454],{},"Training does not preserve a single unaltered method. Contemporary craftspeople use measured drawings, power tools, chemical consolidants, and new markets alongside hand tools and inherited design repertoires. The resulting work may be judged by structural safety, historical accuracy, decorative finish, or commercial viability, depending on its setting. These criteria sometimes conflict, particularly when a monument must remain usable while retaining older fabric.",[403,456,458],{"id":457},"variation","Variation",[399,460,461],{},"Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, and the Fergana Valley are associated with different architectural histories and workshop networks. Clay type, timber supply, urban planning, and patronage have affected local materials and techniques. Rural houses and urban monuments do not use decoration in the same way, yet both can employ related skills in brickwork, painted ceilings, carved doors, and plaster finish. Regional diversity is therefore central to the study of architectural craft.",[403,463,465],{"id":464},"see-also","See also",[467,468,469,476,481],"ul",{},[470,471,472,475],"li",{},[473,474,285],"a",{"href":286}," — artisan production and markets.",[470,477,478,480],{},[473,479,305],{"href":306}," — domestic objects and spaces.",[470,482,483,485],{},[473,484,313],{"href":314}," — another field of workshop-based craft.",[403,487,489],{"id":488},"documented-example","Documented example",[399,491,492,493,499],{},"Samarkand’s World Heritage record identifies the Registan, Shah-i Zinda and Gur-i Amir as major ensembles with different building histories. ",[473,494,498],{"href":495,"rel":496},"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/603/",[497],"nofollow","UNESCO World Heritage Centre: Samarkand – Crossroad of Cultures",".",[399,501,502],{},"The cited record supports this example. This broader overview remains an editorial draft; local practices and historical interpretations still require specialist review.",{"title":504,"searchDepth":505,"depth":506,"links":507},"",1,2,[508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515],{"id":405,"depth":506,"text":406},{"id":412,"depth":506,"text":413},{"id":422,"depth":506,"text":423},{"id":432,"depth":506,"text":433},{"id":447,"depth":506,"text":448},{"id":457,"depth":506,"text":458},{"id":464,"depth":506,"text":465},{"id":488,"depth":506,"text":489},"Tilework, carved wood, plaster decoration, and the continuing practice of building crafts in Uzbekistan.","draft","md",[],{},null,{"title":281,"description":516},[524],{"title":498,"url":495},"u7VsAxHFIKQjYkQb4aVuMFol0c5Eyyb5rMS6SdLsXKs",[527,529],{"title":274,"path":276,"stem":277,"description":528,"children":-1},"Encyclopedia articles on everyday culture, foodways, performance, crafts, and seasonal practice in Uzbekistan.",{"title":285,"path":286,"stem":287,"description":530,"children":-1},"Markets, artisan production, and the social organization of exchange in Uzbekistan’s cities and towns.",1791560763955]