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U 500–1300-yillar bilan cheklanmaydi. Qadimgi ittifoq nomi uning tilini o‘z-o‘zidan isbotlamaydi; o‘rta asr davlatini zamonaviy millatga tenglashtirib bo‘lmaydi. Xunnular shubhasiz turkiy davlat sifatida emas, bahsli oldingi tarix sifatida kiritilgan. Sanalar va eski talqinlar mutaxassis tekshiruvini talab qiladigan tahririy qoralama bo‘lib qolmoqda.","prologue",{"title":414,"date":415,"markdown":416,"id":417},"Miloddan avvalgi III asr","M.avv. III asr","### Miloddan avvalgi 209-yil: Modu va xunnular\n\nModu (Maodun) miloddan avvalgi 209-yilda shanyu bo‘lib, xunnular ittifoqini mustahkamladi. Uning etnik va til tarkibi bahsli. Savelyev va Jeong (2020) turkiyzabon guruhlar qatnashgan bo‘lishi mumkinligini ko‘rsatuvchi dalillarni hamda aholi, til va keyingi gunnlarni o‘zaro bog‘lashdagi cheklovlarni muhokama qiladi. Shu sababli ittifoqni bir xil turkiy millat yoki ishonchli tasdiqlangan ilk turkiy davlat deb ko‘rsatib bo‘lmaydi. Miloddan avvalgi 209-yilga nisbat berilgan zamonaviy harbiy xotira sanasi muassasaning uzluksiz davomiyligini isbotlamaydi.\n\n[Encyclopaedia Iranica: Xiongnu](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/xiongnu/); [Savelyev va Jeong, 2020](https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2020.18).","xiongnu",{"title":419,"date":419,"markdown":420,"id":421},"IV asr","IV asr oxiridagi gunnlar harakati Qora dengiz dashti va Rim dunyosi o‘rtasidagi aloqalarni o‘zgartirdi. Gunnlarning til tarkibi va xunnular bilan munosabati bahsli; bu keyingi turkiy tarix uchun kontekst, yagona xalqning uzluksizligiga dalil emas. [Savelyev va Jeong (2020)](https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2020.18).","century-4",{"title":423,"date":423,"markdown":424,"id":425},"V asr","V asr dasht ko‘chishlari haqidagi manbalarda sabirlar va ilk bulg‘or guruhlari uchraydi. O‘zgaruvchan ittifoqlar va bahsli joylashuvlarni zamonaviy etnik guruhlarning aniq xaritasiga aylantirib bo‘lmaydi. [Encyclopaedia Iranica: Khazars](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khazars/).","century-5",{"title":427,"date":427,"markdown":428,"id":429},"VI asr","## O'rta asrlar/Turklar\n\n| Yil    | Voqea   |\n|---------|-----------|\n| `545` | G'arbiy Vey elchisining Oltoy tog'lariga kelishi. Turklar yetakchisi bo'lgan Ashina urug'i yetakchisi sifatida Buminning birinchi bor tilga olinishi. |\n| `551` | Bumin Oltoy tog'lari atrofida turklarning mustaqilligini e'lon qiladi, Mo'g'ul platosidagi O'tuken (Ötüken)ni bosib oladi va xoqon (qaghan) unvonini oladi. Uning imperiyasi Turk xoqonligi yoki xalq orasida Ko'kturk (Samoviy Turk) deb nomlangan. |\n| `552` | Akasi Istamini G'arbiy mintaqalarga o'z yabg'usi (vassali) sifatida yuborganidan ko'p o'tmay, Bumin xoqon vafot etadi. Uning to'ng'ich o'g'li Issiq (Keluo) xoqon bo'ladi. |\n| `554` | Buminning ikkinchi o'g'li Muqan xoqon bo'ladi. Bir qator muvaffaqiyatli yurishlardan so'ng Ko'kturklar Ipak yo'lini nazorat qila boshlaydilar. |\n| `568` | Turklar delegatsiyasi sug'diy Mani boshchiligida Vizantiyaliklar bilan ipak savdosi uchun Konstantinopolga kelganidan so'ng, Yustinian II davridagi Vizantiya imperiyasi bilan ittifoq tuziladi. |\n| `572` | Buminning kenja o'g'li Taspar xoqon akasining vafotidan so'ng xoqon bo'ladi. |\n| `576` | Vizantiyaliklar (kelishuvga zid ravishda) Ko'kturklarning dushmanlari bo'lgan avarlar bilan shartnoma tuzganidan so'ng, Vizantiya bilan ittifoq to'xtaydi. Ko'kturklar Qrimdagi Vizantiya qal'asini egallab oladilar. |\n| `580` | Agatiy hunlar doirasiga ushbu qabilalarni kiritgan: vurugundlar,[a] ultizurlar, shuningdek turkiy qabilalar kotrigurlar va utigurlar.[\\[2\\]](#reference-2)[\\[3\\]](#reference-3) |\n| `581` | G'arbdagi ikkinchi yabg'u Tardush Qrimdagi Xersones Tavriyasini qamal qiladi. |\n| `581` | Xitoydagi ikki raqib davlat Turk xoqonligiga yillik o'lpon to'lay boshlaydi. |\n| `584` | Taspar xoqon vafot etadi, fuqarolar urushi boshlanadi (Ishbara xoqon Apaga qarshi). Tardush aralashadi. |\n| `587` | Tardush g'arbning amaldagi (de-fakto) hukmdori. Qo'shxoqonlik davri. Bundan buyon g'arbiy xoqonlik O'no'q (Onok) deb ham ataladi. |\n| `588` | Birinchi Fors-Turk urushi. Turk xoqonligining Afg'onistonga bostirib kirishga urinishi. Ammo Fors sarkardasi Bahrom Cho'bin Turk xoqonligini mag'lub etadi. |\n| `593` | Turklararo nizolar (interregnum) yakuni. |\n\n## Turk xoqonligining tashkil etilishi\n\nBirinchi markazlashgan turkiy davlat bo'lgan Turk xoqonligi 552-yilda Ashina urug'ining Mo'g'uliston dashtlaridagi xo'jayinlari bo'lgan rouranlarga qarshi qo'zg'oloni natijasida yuzaga keldi. Oltoy tog'laridagi temir konlarini nazorat qilgan ashina turklarining yetakchisi Bumin (Tuman), mustaqillikka erishish uchun rouranlarning ichki bo'linishlari va qurol ishlab chiqarishdan kelgan iqtisodiy imkoniyatlardan foydalandi. Akasi Istami bilan kelishgan holda, Bumin Xitoyning G'arbiy Vey sulolasi bilan ittifoq tuzdi, Anaguy xon boshchiligidagi rouran qo'shinlarini mag'lub etdi va shu yili o'zini El xoqoni (Suveren imperator) deb e'lon qildi va shu bilan turli turkiy qabilalarni sharqiy va g'arbiy qanotli qo'sh xoqonlik tuzilmasi ostida birlashtirdi.[\\[5\\]](#reference-5)[\\[6\\]](#reference-6)\n\nUshbu tashkil etilish qabilaviy vassallikdan imperiya hukmronligiga o'tishni anglar edi, chunki Ko'kturklar tezda tele (Tiele) kabi qo'shni guruhlarni bo'ysundirdilar va otliq qo'shin taktikasi hamda turkiy boshqaruvning markazida turgan Tangri osmon xudosi mafkurasidan foydalanib, sharqiy Yevroosiyo dashtlari ustidan nazoratni kengaytirdilar. Xitoy yilnomalari, masalan, \"Jou Shu\" (Zhou Shu), Buminning G'arbiy Vey imperatoridan tan olinishini so'ragan elchilari haqida yozadi, imperator rouran asirlari evaziga unvonlar bergan, bu esa 552-yil oxiriga kelib xoqonlikning mustahkamlanganini tasdiqlaydi. Buminning ko'p o'tmay vafot etishi (ehtimol tabiiy sabablar bilan) uning o'g'li Issiq xoqon (Qora Issiq) tomonidan taxtning egallanishiga olib keldi, Istami esa g'arbiy hududlarni boshqarib, parchalanishni oldini olish uchun aka-ukalar o'rtasida hokimiyatni muvozanatlovchi xoqonlikning ikki qutbli boshqaruvini mustahkamladi.[\\[7\\]](#reference-7)\n\nLater Orkhon inscriptions (VIII asrga oid O'rxon bitiktoshlari) bu asos solish haqidagi hikoyani tasdiqlaydi va dunyoning bo'linishini Bumin va Istamiga bog'laydi — \"Yuqorida moviy osmon, pastda esa qo'ng'ir yer yaratilganda, ularning orasida inson bolasi yaratilgan ekan... Ajdodlarim Bumin xoqon va Istami xoqon odamlar ustidan hukmronlik qilganlar\" — bu Ko'kturk o'zligi va kengayishining asosi sifatida qabilalarni birlashtirish va rouranlarga qarshi yurishlar kabi sababchi omillarni ta'kidlaydi. 555-yilga kelib, Rouran xoqonligi butunlay barham topdi, uning qoldiqlari Xitoy davlatlariga bo'ysundi yoki Ko'kturk mulklariga qo'shildi, bu esa yangi xoqonlikka o'lpon undirish va Markaziy Osiyo bo'ylab o'z kuchini ko'rsatish imkonini berdi.[\\[5\\]](#reference-5)[\\[6\\]](#reference-6)\n","century-6",{"title":431,"date":431,"markdown":432,"id":433},"7-asr","| Yil    | Voqea   |\n|---------|-----------|\n|`609`| Shibi xoqon Sharqiy Turk xoqonligi xoqoniga aylandi. |\n|`615`| Shibi xoqonning maslahatchisi Mayidagi muzokaralarda Pey Ju tomonidan qatl etildi; xoqon bunga javoban Imperator Yan tashrif buyurgan Yanmen viloyatiga bostirib kirdi va uni o'z mahkamasi (hozirgi Daysyan, Shansi) bilan birga qamal qildi. U xoqonlikka shimoldan hujum bo'layotgani haqidagi rafiqasi — Suy malikasi Yichengning yolg'on xabaridan so'ng qamalni to'xtatdi. |\n|`618`| Tun Yabg'u xoqon G'arbiy Turk xoqonligi xoqoniga aylandi. Ba'zi ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, u Kavkazda O'noq tarkibida Xazar davlatiga (yoki Xazariya) asos solgan Ziebel sifatida ham tanilgan. |\n|`619`| 614-616 yillardagi Eftaliylar/Ko'kturk reydlari. Tun Yabg'u xoqon Isfahongacha bostirib bordi, biroq qaytarildi. |\n|`625`| Imperator Irakliy Tun Yabg'u boshchiligidagi turklardan harbiy yordam so'raganda Vizantiya imperiyasi bilan ittifoq tuzildi. |\n|`626`| Illig xoqon Syuanvu darvozasi voqeasidan foydalanib, Vey daryosigacha hujum qildi. |\n|`627`| 627–629 yillardagi Fors-Turk urushi. Bo'ri Shod Kavkazdagi Darbandni zabt etdi va Ozarbayjonga reydlar uyushtirdi. |\n|`628`| Xueyantuo (Inan qo'mondonligida) va To'qqiz O'g'uz Sharqiy Turk xoqonligining Yuquq Shod (shimoliy tomon shodi) va Ashina She'erini (g'arbiy tomon shodi) mag'lub etdi. |\n|`630`| Tan Xitoyi sharqiy xoqonlik vassal qabilalarining isyonini qo'llab-quvvatladi. Li Jing qo'mondonligidagi Tan armiyasi Yinshan jangida Sharqiy Turk xoqonligini mag'lub etdi. Imperator Taytszun: \"Vey daryosidagi (626) isnodimni yuvish uchun shu yetarli\", dedi.[\\[4\\]](#reference-4) Sharqiy xoqonlik Xitoy vassaliga aylandi. |\n|`632`| Kubrat Qadimgi Buyuk Bolgariyani birlashtirdi va boshqardi. |\n|`638`| G'arbiy Turk xoqonligining ikki qanoti (Nushibi va Tulo) Ili daryosini chegara qilib ajraldi. |\n|`639`| Ashina Shesheshuayning Szyuchen saroyiga muvaffaqiyatsiz hujumi. |\n|`640`| Yuquq Shod O'noq qabilalarini birlashtirishga harakat qildi, ammo tez orada Afg'onistonning Qunduz shahriga qochib ketdi. |\n|`642`| G'arbiy turk askarlari Gaochanddan chekindilar va qirollik Tan sulolasi qo'shinlari tomonidan bosib olindi. Tan sulolasiga qarshi harbiy mojarolar keyingi bir necha o'n yilliklarda ham davom etdi. |\n|`644`| G'arbiy turklar Qorasahrda Tan sulolasiga qarshi jangda mag'lub bo'lishdi. |\n|`648`| G'arbiy turklar Kuchada Tan sulolasiga qarshi jangda mag'lub bo'lishdi. |\n|`650`| Xazarlar Kavkazda Rashidun arablarining Abdurahmon ibn Rabiya qo'shinini mag'lub etishdi. |\n|`657`| Xitoy g'arbiy xoqonlikni mag'lub etgan harbiy yurishni amalga oshirdi. G'arbiy xoqonlik Xitoy vassaliga aylandi. Hokimiyat bo'shlig'i davrida Turgash qabilasi O'noqning yetakchi kuchiga aylandi. |\n|`664`| Kavkaz Albaniyasi qiroli Javanshir (636-669) va Kavkaz hunlari elteberi Alp Ilitver o'rtasida sulh shartnomasi tuzildi. Shartlar: sulolaviy nikoh ittifoqi, Hunlarning barcha Alban qal'alarini egallashi, Hunlarga yillik o'lpon to'lash va Hunlarning Albaniyani arab tajovuzidan himoya qilish majburiyati.[\\[5\\]](#reference-5) |\n|`679`| Danyu Da Douxufu turk rahbarlari bo'lgan Ashide Venfu va Ashide Fengji Ashina Nishu Begni turk xoqoni deb e'lon qilishdi va Tan sulolasiga qarshi isyon ko'tarishdi.[\\[6\\]](#reference-6) |\n|`680`| Pey Sinszyan Ashina Nishu Beg va uning qo'shinini mag'lub etdi. Ashina Nishu Beg o'z odamlari tomonidan o'ldirildi.[\\[6\\]](#reference-6) |\n|`680`| Ashide Venfu Ashina Funyanni xoqon qilib tayinladi va Tan sulolasiga qarshi isyon ko'tardi.[\\[6\\]](#reference-6) |\n|`681`| Ashide Venfu va Ashina Funyan Pey Sinszyanga taslim bo'lishdi. 54 nafar turk (jumladan, Ashide Venfu va Ashina Funyan) Chang'anning Sharqiy bozorida omma oldida qatl etildi.[\\[6\\]](#reference-6) |\n|`681`| Ashina Qutlug' Ashina Funyanning omon qolgan odamlari bilan isyon ko'tardi. |\n|`682`| Ashina Qutlug' Eltarist xoqon bo'ldi va Ikkinchi Sharqiy Turk xoqonligiga asos soldi. |\n|`685`| Eltarist xoqon Xin Chuda xitoyliklarni mag'lub etdi.[manba keltirish kerak] |\n|`693`| Barsbek Qirg'iz xoqonligi tuzilganligini e'lon qildi. |\n|`694`| Eltarist xoqonning vafoti. Qopag'an xoqon ikkinchi xoqon bo'ldi. |\n|`695`| Qopag'an Barsbekni qirg'izlar xoqoni sifatida tan oldi. |\n|`698`| Qopag'an Turgashlarga qarshi Turkistonni[manba keltirish kerak] (O'noq hududi) qo'shib oldi.[\\[7\\]](#reference-7)\n\n## Ko'kturk yuksalishi va Tan bilan to'qnashuvlar\n\nSharqiy Ko‘kturk xoqonligi 7-asrning boshlarida, 581-yilda Taspar xoqon vafotidan keyin o‘n yillab davom etgan o‘zaro nizo va parchalanishdan so‘ng markaziy hokimiyatni tiklagan Illig xoqon (hukmronlik davri 620–630) davrida o‘z cho‘qqisiga chiqdi.[\\[8\\]](#reference-8) Illig xoqon Xueyantuo kabi vassal qabilalarni bo‘ysundirdi va Mo‘g‘uliston platosida o‘z nufuzini kengaytirdi. U endigina shakllanayotgan Tan sulolasidan har yili 100 000 tup ipak o‘lpon olib, Oltoydan to sharqiy dashtlargacha bo‘lgan ko‘chmanchi konfederatsiyalar ustidan hukmronlikni saqlab qoldi.[\\[9\\]](#reference-9) Ushbu hukmronlik davri Ko‘kturk harbiy qudratini aks ettirardi: ularning otliq qo‘shinlari 100 000 jangchigacha yetar, bu esa Xitoy hududiga chuqur reydlar uyushtirish imkonini berar edi. Bu qudrat Tan imperatori Gaozuni 617-yilda, Suy sulolasi qulashi paytida ittifoq izlashga majbur qildi.[\\[8\\]](#reference-8)\n\n626-yilda Syuanvu darvozasi voqeasidan so‘ng, Taytszun (Li Shimin) ichki tozalashlar orasida taxtga o‘tirganida keskinlik kuchaydi; Illig xoqon Tan zaifligidan foydalanib, qo‘shinlarini Chang'an yaqinidagi Veyshuy daryosigacha olib bordi va kamsituvchi tinchlik shartnomasini imzolashga majbur qildi, bu shartnoma o‘lponni oshirish va hududiy yon bosishlarni o‘z ichiga olgan edi.[\\[8\\]](#reference-8) Biroq, Ko‘kturk yuksalishi tabiiy ofatlar — 627–628 yillardagi kuchli qor bo‘ronlari va qurg‘oqchilik tufayli to‘xtab qoldi. Bu ofatlar podalarni qirib yubordi va ocharchilikka sabab bo‘ldi, bu esa elita orasidagi hasad va qabilalarning Tan agentlari tomoniga o‘tib ketishi bilan murakkablashdi.[\\[9\\]](#reference-9) Taytszun ushbu parchalanishdan foydalanib, 629-yilgi qishki hujumda general Li Jingni 100 000 qo‘shin bilan yubordi. Ular qochish hiylasi va tezkor otliq manyovrlar yordamida Ko‘kturk pozitsiyalarini qurshab oldilar.[\\[9\\]](#reference-9)\n\nHal qiluvchi to‘qnashuv 630-yil boshida Yinshanda sodir bo‘ldi, u yerda Tan qo‘shinlari Tieshanda Illig xoqon armiyasini tor-mor etdi va uni qochishga majbur qildi; Li Jing 630-yil 27-martda Dinsyan yaqinida xoqonni o‘g‘li va 15 000 nafar elita vakillari bilan birga asirga oldi va xoqonlikning asosiy tuzilmasini amalda tugatdi.[\\[8\\]](#reference-8)[\\[9\\]](#reference-9) Tan sulolasi omon qolgan Ashina urug‘larini qo‘g‘irchoq sifatida ishlatib, Ashina Shesheshuayni Jimi vassal tizimi ostida xoqon etib tayinladi, Xueyantuo qabilalari esa Gobi shimolidagi hokimiyat bo‘shlig‘ini to‘ldirib, keyingi Tan aralashuvlariga yo‘l ochib berdi.[\\[8\\]](#reference-8) Ushbu to‘qnashuvlar \"Jiu Tangshu\" kabi Tan yilnomalarida qayd etilgan bo‘lib, ular logistika va razvedka borasida ustun bo‘lgan o‘troq imperiyaga qarshi Ko‘kturklarning haddan tashqari kengayib ketganini ko‘rsatdi.[\\[9\\]](#reference-9)\n\n## Birinchi xoqonlikning qulashi\n\nBirlashgan Ko‘kturk xoqonligi 6-asr oxirida Ashina urug‘i ichidagi sulolaviy mojarolar va taxt uchun kurashlar, shuningdek, uzoq davom etgan urushlar va og‘ir iqlim sharoitlari keltirib chiqargan iqtisodiy qiyinchiliklar tufayli parchalana boshladi. 581-yilda Taspar xoqon vafotidan so‘ng, uning o‘g‘li Apa xoqon va amakisi Tardu xoqon kabi da’vogarlar o‘rtasida o‘zaro urushlar boshlandi, bu markaziy hokimiyatni zaiflashtirdi va qabilalarning ajralib chiqishiga sabab bo‘ldi.[\\[6\\]](#reference-6) Bu ichki bo‘linishlar 603-yilga kelib xoqonlikning amalda qulashi bilan yakunlandi va u Oltoy tog‘laridan sharqdagi hududlarni nazorat qiluvchi Yami avlodi boshchiligidagi Sharqiy Turk xoqonligi va Tardu avlodi boshchiligidagi G'arbiy Turk xoqonligiga bo‘lindi.[\\[8\\]](#reference-8)\n\nDastlab Chuluo xoqon (hukmronlik davri 617–620) va keyin Illig xoqon (620–630) davrida barqarorlashgan Sharqiy xoqonlik 620-yildan keyin yangi beqarorlikka duch keldi. Bunga Xueyantuo kabi tobe qabilalarning isyonlari va 627–628 yillardagi chorvani qirib yuborgan hamda ommaviy norozilikka sabab bo‘lgan kuchli qor bo‘ronlari kirdi. Illig xoqonning qattiqqo‘lligi va ba’zi ittifoqchilarga ko‘rsatgan xayrixohligi asosiy tarafdorlarini uzoqlashtirdi, Tan sulolasi elchilari esa Tele qabilalari kabi norozi turk rahbarlari bilan ittifoq tuzib, ushbu ziddiyatlardan foydalandilar.[\\[10\\]](#reference-10) 627-yilda Tan imperatori Taytszun shimoliy chegaralarni tekshirish uchun generallar Li Jing va Li Shiji qo‘mondonligidagi qo‘shinlarni safarbar qilib, hujumlarga ruxsat berdi.[\\[8\\]](#reference-8)\n\nTan sulolasining hal qiluvchi yurishi 629-yil oxiri va 630-yil bahorida bo‘lib o‘tdi. Li Jingning 100 000 ga yaqin qo‘shini, turk yordamchi kuchlari bilan birgalikda, Yin tog‘lari orqali o‘tib, 630-yil 17-martda Nixpanbo (hozirgi Baotou yaqinida, Ichki Mo‘g‘uliston) yaqinida Illig xoqon qarorgohiga kutilmaganda hujum qildi. Illig xoqon qochib ketdi, biroq ko‘p o‘tmay o‘g‘li va Ko‘kturk qonuniyligi ramzi bo‘lgan muqaddas bo‘ri bayrog‘i va osmon nog‘orasi bilan birga asirga olindi; 100 000 dan ortiq turk xonadonlari taslim bo‘ldi, bu Sharqiy xoqonlikning Tan protektorati sifatida bo‘ysundirilishini anglatardi.[\\[10\\]](#reference-10)[\\[8\\]](#reference-8) Ko‘plab sharqiy turklar Tan chegaralari ichiga joylashtirildi, bu ularning harbiy kuchiga hissa qo‘shsa-da, ko‘chmanchilar jipsligini zaiflashtirdi; omon qolganlar esa g‘arbga qochib ketishdi, bu keyingi turk davlatlariga ta’sir ko‘rsatgan migratsiyalarning muqaddimasi bo‘ldi.[\\[6\\]](#reference-6)\n","century-7",{"title":435,"date":435,"markdown":436,"id":437},"8-asr","| Yil    | Voqea   |\n|---------|-----------|\n|`704`| Umaviylar voliysi Qutayba ibn Muslim Movarounnahrga bostirib kirdi.|\n|`710`| Ikkinchi Turk xoqonligi Qirg'iz xoqonligini qaqshatqich mag'lubiyatga uchratdi. Qirg'izlar xoqoni Barsbek jangda halok bo'ldi va uning avlodlari bir necha avlod davomida Ko'kturklarning vassali bo'lib qoldi.|\n|`711`| Bolchu jangida turk qo'shini Turgashlarni mag'lub etdi.|\n|`713`| Movarounnahrdagi turk-arab urushlari. Arablar g'alabasi Turkistondagi hokimiyatning Turk xoqonligidan yana ularning Turgash vassallariga o'tishiga olib keldi.|\n|`716`| Vizantiya imperatori Teodosiy III va Dunay Bolgariyasi xoni Tervel o'rtasidagi ma'lum shartlarga ega birinchi shartnoma: chegaralarni belgilash, Vizantiyaning xonga to'laydigan yillik o'lponini 30 funt oltin qilib belgilash, asirlarni almashish, qochqinlarni qaytarish va ikki davlat o'rtasida to'siqsiz savdo qilish[\\[8\\]](#reference-8)|\n|`716 (?)`| Qopag'an xoqon To'qqiz O'g'uzga qarshi yurishi paytida o'ldirildi va uning boshi Chang'anga yuborildi.[\\[9\\]](#reference-9) Kultegin davlat to'ntarishini amalga oshirdi. Ular Qopag'anning o'g'li va akalarini o'ldirib, Bilga xoqonni xoqon qilib ko'tarishdi.[\\[9\\]](#reference-9)|\n|`716`| Qadimgi turk tilidagi birinchi yozma yodgorliklar. To'nyuquqning Bayn Tsokto bitiklari. (Bu yodgorliklar uning o'limidan bir necha yil oldin o'zi tomonidan o'rnatilgan.)|\n|`717`| Inel xoqon Kultegin tomonidan taxtdan ag'darildi. Bilga xoqon taxtga o'tirdi.|\n|`717`| Suluq Turgash xoqoni bo'ldi.|\n|`718`| Turk xoqonligida qisqa barqarorlik davri. Bilga va uning triumvirati (Kultegin va To'nyuquq) barcha isyonlarni bostirdi.|\n|`723`| Umaviy arablar voliysi al-Harashiy Xo'jandda turklar va sug'diy qochqinlarni ikkinchi marta qirg'in qildi.|\n|`724`| Turgash xoqoni Suluq o'zining \"ur va qoch\" taktikasi bilan Umaviy arab qo'shinlarini mag'lub etdi, bu voqea \"Chanqoqlik kuni\" (Yavm al-Atash) deb ataladi[\\[10\\]](#reference-10)|\n|`728`| Turgash xoqoni Suluq Umaviy arab qo'shinlarini ikkinchi marta mag'lub etdi.|\n|`730 (?)`| Xazarlar janubiy Kavkazda Umaviy arab qo'shinlarini mag'lub etishdi. Ammo g'olib xoqon Barjik jangda halok bo'ldi.|\n|`734`| Bilga xoqonning vafoti.|\n|`735`| Bilga xoqon va uning ukasi Kulteginning Xo'sho Tsaydam yodgorliklari. (Bilga Kulteginning yodgorligini o'rnatgan edi, Bilganing o'g'li esa Bilganing yodgorligini o'rnatdi.) To'nyuquqning Bayn Tsokto yodgorligi bilan birgalikda bu obidalar O'rxon yodgorliklari deb ataladi. (2004-yilda ushbu yodgorliklar Osiyo va Avstraliyadagi Jahon merosi ob'ektlari ro'yxatiga kiritilgan)|\n|`737`| Umaviy arablar xazarlarni mag'lub etib, xazarlar poytaxti Balanjarni egallashdi. Tez orada xazarlar arablarni ortga surib yuborishdi. Ammo poytaxt Atilga ko'chirildi.|\n|`738`| Suluq suiqasd natijasida o'ldirildi.|\n|`740`| Xazar xoni Bulan yahudiylikni qabul qildi. Ammo fuqarolar o'z dinini tanlashda erkin edilar.|\n|`744`| Ashina urug'iga mansub bo'lmagan Basmil, Uyg'ur va Qarluq kabi turk qabilalari davlat to'ntarishini amalga oshirdilar. Ashina urug'ining tugashi (Xazariyadan tashqari).|\n|`744`| Birinchi uyg'ur xoni Qutlug' Bilga. Uyg'urlar sharqda Turk xoqonligi o'rnini egalladilar va ularning vassali qarluqlar g'arbda sobiq O'noq hududini zabt eta boshladilar.|\n|`747`| Ikkinchi uyg'ur xoni Bayanchurxon poytaxt O'rdu-Baliq qurilishini boshladi.|\n|`750`| Arab imperiyasida Umaviylar sulolasi tugadi. Abbosiylar siyosati turklarga nisbatan bag'rikengroq bo'ldi.|\n|`751`| Talas jangida arablar xitoyliklarni mag'lub etishdi, jang o'rtasida 20 000 qarluq yollanma askarlari arablar tomoniga o'tib ketdi.|\n|`753`| Uyg'urlar xoni Bayanchurxonning Tariat bitiklari. (taxminiy sana)|\n|`755`| Talas jangidan keyin Xitoyda fuqarolar urushi boshlandi. Bayanchur isyonchi general An Lushan bo'lgan xitoy imperatorini qo'llab-quvvatladi.|\n|`756`| Vizantiya imperatori Konstantin V va Dunay Bolgariyasi xoni Kormisosh o'rtasida uzoq davom etgan harbiy mojaroga chek qo'yuvchi tinchlik shartnomasi[\\[11\\]](#reference-11)|\n|`765`| Uchinchi uyg'ur xoni Bo'gu moniylikni qabul qildi.|\n|`766`| Qarluqlar Turgashlarni mag'lub etdi. Turkistonning katta qismi (sobiq O'noq hududi) qarluqlar hukmronligi ostiga o'tdi. Ammo Orol ko'lining g'arbida O'g'uz Yabg'u davlati deb nomlangan erkin konfederatsiya vujudga keldi.|\n|`789`| Uyg'ur xoqonligida Ediz xonadoni Yag'loqar xonadoni o'rnini egalladi.|\n\n## Ikkinchi Ko'kturk xoqonligi\n\nIkkinchi Ko‘kturk xoqonligi milodiy 682-yilda Ashina urug‘i a’zosi, Qutlug‘ nomi bilan ham mashhur bo‘lgan Eltarist xoqon (hukmronlik davri 682–691) Tan sulolasi hukmdorlariga qarshi isyon ko‘tarib, Mo‘g‘ulistondagi muqaddas O‘tukan markazini egallashi natijasida qayta tiklandi. U tarqoq turk qabilalarini, jumladan o‘g‘uzlar, basmillar va ilgari Xitoy qo‘shinlari tomonidan bo‘ysundirilgan boshqa guruhlarni birlashtirdi.[\\[5\\]](#reference-5)[\\[11\\]](#reference-11) Bu uyg‘onish birinchi xoqonlik qulagandan keyin Tan protektorati ostidagi o‘n yilliklardan so‘ng sodir bo‘ldi va sharqiy dashtlarda Ashina hukmronligini tiklash uchun Vu Tsetyan davridagi Xitoyning ichki zaifliklaridan foydalandi.[\\[12\\]](#reference-12) Eltaristning yurishlari hokimiyatni Yin tog‘laridan sharqqa qarab mustahkamlashga, mahalliy raqiblarni bo‘ysundirishga va g‘arbga keng ko‘lamli kengaymasdan ko‘chmanchilar mustaqilligini qayta tiklashga qaratilgan edi.\n\nEltaristning ukasi va vorisi Qopag‘an xoqon (691–716) davrida xoqonlik tajovuzkorona kengaydi: harbiy majburlash va o‘lpon olish orqali boyirqu, to‘qqiz o‘g‘uz va qirg‘iz kabi qabilalarni o‘z ichiga oldi, shuningdek, resurslar va obro‘ni mustahkamlash uchun 698 va 711 yillarda Tan chegaralariga reydlar uyushtirdi.[\\[5\\]](#reference-5) Qopag‘anning 716-yilda boyirqu qabilasiga qarshi yurish paytida vafot etishi taxt uchun kurashlarni keltirib chiqardi. Bu kurashlar natijasida uning jiyani Bilga xoqon (716–734) taxtga chiqdi, unga ukasi Kultegin harbiy qo‘mondon (shod) sifatida yordam berdi. Bilga davri xoqonlikning eng yuqori cho‘qqisi bo‘ldi: 717–718 yillarda Tan qo‘shinlari ustidan qozonilgan g‘alabalar Xitoy bosqinlarini to‘xtatdi va 720-yilga kelib o‘lpon to‘lashga majbur qildi, shu bilan birga qirg‘izlar va sharqiy tahdidlarga qarshi mudofaa tashkil etildi. Ushbu yutuqlar 732-yilda Kultegin sharafiga va 735-yilda Bilga vafotidan so‘ng o‘rnatilgan O‘rxon bitiklarida (runik yodgorliklarida) batafsil bayon etilgan; ularda qabilaviy birlik, Xitoyga qarshi mustaqillik va tangrichilik qonuniyligi g‘oyalari urg‘ulangan.[\\[11\\]](#reference-11)[\\[13\\]](#reference-13)\n\nBilgadan keyingi inqiroz 731-yilda Kultegin va 734-yilda Bilga vafotidan so‘ng tezlashdi. Yo‘lliq Tengri xoqon va Ozmish xoqon (734–741) kabi beqaror hukmdorlar vassal qabilalar o‘rtasidagi nizolar tufayli suiqasdlar va isyonlarga duch keldilar.[\\[14\\]](#reference-14) Tengri xoqon (741–744) 741-yilda o‘z shodi tomonidan o‘ldirildi, bu esa tashqi aralashuvga yo‘l ochib bergan tartibsizlikni kuchaytirdi. 744-yilda Qutlug‘ Bilga xoqon boshchiligidagi uyg‘urlar, qarluqlar va basmillar bilan ittifoq tuzib, Ko‘kturklarni ag‘dardi, O‘tukanni egalladi, oxirgi xoqonni qatl etdi va Uyg‘ur hukmronligini o‘rnatdi. Shu tariqa Ikkinchi xoqonlik 62 yildan keyin tugatildi.[\\[11\\]](#reference-11)[\\[14\\]](#reference-14) Ushbu inqiroz majburiy qabilaviy ittifoqlarga haddan tashqari tayanib qolish va ichki hokimiyat bo‘shlig‘ini hal qila olmaslik natijasida kelib chiqqan, buni Xitoy yilnomalari va O‘rxon matnlaridagi o‘zaro nizo haqidagi ogohlantirishlar ham tasdiqlaydi.[\\[13\\]](#reference-13)\n\n## Uyg'ur xoqonligining yuksalishi\n\nUyg‘ur xoqonligi milodiy 744-yilda uyg‘urlar (asosan To‘qqiz O‘g‘uz qabila ittifoqidan bo‘lgan turkiy tilda so‘zlashuvchi ko‘chmanchi konfederatsiya) qarluqlar va basmillar bilan birgalikda muvofiqlashtirilgan isyon orqali kuchsizlanib qolgan Ikkinchi Ko‘kturk xoqonligini ag‘darishi natijasida tashkil topgan.[\\[15\\]](#reference-15) Bu isyon Ko‘kturklarning ichki nizolari va harbiy jihatdan haddan tashqari kengayib ketganidan foydalanib amalga oshirildi; isyonchilar xoqonlikning Mo‘g‘ul dashtlaridagi parchalangan hokimiyatidan unumli foydalandilar.[\\[15\\]](#reference-15)\n\n744-yil boshida basmillar Ko‘kturklarning tantanali poytaxti O‘tukanni egallab, amaldagi xoqon Ozmishni (Vusumishi nomi bilan ham tanilgan) qatl etdilar va vaqtincha o‘zlarining qisqa muddatli xoqonligini o‘rnatdilar.[\\[15\\]](#reference-15) Yag‘loqar urug‘idan bo‘lgan Qutlug‘ Bilga Kul xoqon boshchiligidagi uyg‘urlar o‘sha yilning oxirida basmillarni uzil-kesil mag‘lub etish uchun qarluqlar bilan ittifoq tuzdilar. Ular O‘tukanni qo‘lga kiritib, qolgan Ko‘kturk qarshiligini yo‘q qildilar, jumladan, 745-yilda oxirgi xoqon Kulun Beg qatl etildi va uning boshi ittifoq ramzi sifatida Tan saroyiga yuborildi.[\\[15\\]](#reference-15) Birinchi xoqon deb e’lon qilingan Qutlug‘ Bilga Ko‘kturklarning ma’muriy modellarini qabul qildi, biroq siyosiy markazni O‘rxon daryosi bo‘yidagi yangi mustahkamlangan O‘rdu-Baliq (Qara Balgasun) shahriga ko‘chirdi. Bu esa ilg‘or shaharsozlik va savdo integratsiyasiga ega yarim o‘troq boshqaruvga o‘tishni anglatardi.[\\[15\\]](#reference-15)\n\nYangi xoqonlik Tan sulolasi bilan o‘lpon munosabatlarini o‘rnatish orqali hokimiyatni tezda mustahkamladi; xoqon dasht tahdidlariga qarshi harbiy yordami uchun imperator Syuantszun tomonidan \"Xuayren xon\" faxriy unvoni bilan taqdirlandi.[\\[15\\]](#reference-15) Bu ittifoq ipak va ot savdosi orqali iqtisodiy foyda keltirdi, bu esa uyg‘urlarga Sharqiy Markaziy Osiyoda o‘z nufuzini kengaytirishga, tobe qabilalarni bo‘ysundirishga hamda Selenga va O‘rxon vodiylarini qamrab olgan barqaror saltanat barpo etishga imkon berdi. Xoqonlik aholisi o‘n minglab ko‘chmanchi jangchilardan iborat bo‘lib, ular o‘nlik harbiy tizimda tashkil etilgan edi. 740-yillarning oxiriga kelib, Qutlug‘ Bilganing vorislari, masalan, uning o‘g‘li Bayanchur xoqon davrida, xoqonlik isyonchi guruhdan imperiya tuzilmasiga o‘tdi. U Ko‘kturklar nufuzini meros qilib oldi va 9-asrgacha o‘z hukmronligini saqlab qolish uchun diplomatiya va hunarmandchilikda yangiliklar kiritdi.[\\[15\\]](#reference-15)\n","century-8",{"title":439,"date":439,"markdown":440,"id":441},"9-asr","| Yil    | Voqea   |\n|---------|-----------|\n|`815`| Konstantinopolda Bolgariya xoni Omurtag va Vizantiya imperatori Lev V o'rtasida 30 yillik tinchlik shartnomasi imzolandi. |\n|`820`| Qirg'izlar uyg'urlar bilan urush boshladilar. |\n|`821`| Uyg'urlar tibetliklarning hujumini qaytardilar. |\n|`836`| Turk askarlari (mamluklar) keltirib chiqargan tartibsizliklar tufayli xalifalik (Arab imperiyasi) poytaxti xalifa Al-Mu'tasim tomonidan Bag'doddan yangi Samarra shahriga ko'chirildi. (Mamluklik amaliyoti Talas jangidan ko'p o'tmay boshlangan edi) |\n|`840`| Qirg'izlar (shimoldan) uyg'urlarni mag'lub etdi. Qirg'iz xoqonligining qayta tiklanishi. Uyg'ur qochqinlari ko'magida qarluqlar Movarounnahrda Qoraxoniylar davlatiga asos soldilar. |\n|`848`| Ba'zi uyg'ur qochqinlari Shimoliy Xitoyning Gansu shahrida kichik davlat tuzdilar. |\n|`856`| Uyg'ur qochqinlarining uchinchi guruhi G'arbiy Xitoyda, hozirgi Shinjondagi Turfon shahrida yana bir davlatga asos soldi. |\n|`868`| Arab armiyasidagi turk mamluk generali Ahmad ibn Tulun Misrda Tuluniylar sulolasiga asos soldi. |\n|`881`| \"Kabar\" deb nomlangan uchta xazar qabilasi asosiy guruhdan ajralib, yetti venger (magyar) qabilasi bilan birga g'arbga yo'l oldi. |\n|`892`| Xazarlar pecheneglarni g'arbga chekinishga majbur qildi, ular esa o'z navbatida vengerlarni Vengriya hududiga surib chiqardi. |\n|`898`| Ikki tomondan uyushtirilgan asossiz urush va Bolgariyaning yakuniy g'alabasidan so'ng, Bolgariya podshohi Simeon va Vizantiya imperatori Lev Xerosfakt o'rtasida 898-yilgi shartnoma imzolandi; Vizantiya Dunay Bolgariyasiga yillik o'lpon to'lashni qayta tikladi. |\n\n## Uyg'ur hukmronligi va inqirozi\n\nUyg‘ur xoqonligi 9-asr boshlarida o‘z nufuzining cho‘qqisiga chiqdi: O‘rxon vodiysidan Oltoy tog‘larigacha bo‘lgan Sharqiy Yevroosiyo dashtlarini nazorat qildi va ipak evaziga ot savdosi orqali Tan sulolasiga iqtisodiy bosim o‘tkazdi.[\\[16\\]](#reference-16) Sug‘diy vositachilar tomonidan olib borilgan ushbu savdo xoqonlarni boyitdi, bu esa poytaxt O‘rdu-Baliqda (Qarabolg‘asun) saroylar, ibodatxonalar va ko‘chmanchi chorvachilik bilan birga o‘troq dehqonchilikni ham qo‘llab-quvvatlovchi sug‘orish tizimlarining qurilishiga imkon berdi.[\\[16\\]](#reference-16) Madaniy jihatdan uyg‘urlar o‘ziga xos o‘zlikni shakllantirdilar: 8-asr oxiriga kelib moniylikni davlat dini sifatida qabul qildilar va ma’muriy, adabiy hamda diniy matnlar (jumladan, budda va moniylik asarlari tarjimalari) uchun sug‘diy yozuvni qadimgi uyg‘ur alifbosiga moslashtirdilar.[\\[16\\]](#reference-16)\n\n\n\nTan Xitoyi bilan diplomatik aloqalar uyg‘ur qudratini mustahkamladi; 9-asr boshlaridagi elchilar tarkibiga ko‘pincha savdogar vazifasini ham bajaruvchi moniylik ruhoniylari kirgan.[\\[16\\]](#reference-16) Biroq, 820-yillarga kelib, taxt uchun kurashlar va o‘lponlarga haddan tashqari tayanib qolish kabi inqiroz alomatlari ko‘rina boshladi. 830-yillardagi suv toshqinlari va ocharchilik kabi tabiiy ofatlar bu ziddiyatlarni kuchaytirib, harbiy jipslikni zaiflashtirdi va ichki isyonlarga sabab bo‘ldi.[\\[18\\]](#reference-18)\n\nXoqonlikning qulashi 840-yilda ichki xiyonat tufayli tezlashdi: norozi uyg‘ur vaziri Kulug Bag‘a Yenisey qirg‘izlari bilan ittifoq tuzib, ularni shimoldan bostirib kirishga taklif qildi.[\\[18\\]](#reference-18) Taxminan 80,000–100,000 jangchidan iborat qirg‘iz qo‘shini uyg‘ur armiyasini tor-mor etdi va O‘rdu-Baliqni talon-taroj qilib, xoqonni va ko‘plab elita vakillarini o‘ldirdi.[\\[17\\]](#reference-17)[\\[18\\]](#reference-18) Bu voqea xoqonlikning markaziy tuzilmasini parchalab yubordi: omon qolganlarning bir qismi qirg‘iz qabilalariga qo‘shildi, boshqalari g‘arbga qochib, 840-yillarda Gansuda Gansu uyg‘ur podsholigini, qolganlari esa Turfon botig‘ida Qo‘cho podsholigini tashkil etib, parchalanish sharoitida uyg‘ur madaniy davomiyligini saqlab qoldilar.[\\[17\\]](#reference-17)\n\n## G'arbga kengayish: Qarluqlar va O'g'uzlar\n\n840-yilda Uyg‘ur xoqonligi qirg‘izlar bosqini ostida qulagach, Isfijob (hozirgi Sayram yaqinida) hukmdori Bilga Kul Qodirxon boshchiligidagi qarluqlar mustaqillik e’lon qildilar va g‘arbga — Ettisuv (Semirechye) va Farg‘ona tomon o‘z hokimiyatini mustahkamladilar.[\\[19\\]](#reference-19) Bu harakat zaifroq guruhlarni siqib chiqardi va qarluq konfederatsiyalariga Movarounnahr vohalariga reydlar uyushtirish imkonini berdi. 9-asr oxiriga kelib, qarluqlarning g‘arbiy tarmoqlari sug‘diy savdo tarmoqlari bilan integratsiyalashdi va o‘z harbiy salohiyatini oshirdi.\n\nShu bilan birga, endigina shakllanayotgan Yabg‘u davlatining o‘g‘uz qabilalari Orol dengizi atroflaridan g‘arbga qarab agressiv yurishlarni amalga oshirdilar. Ular 9-asr boshlarida qarluqlar va kimaklar bilan ittifoq tuzib, Sirdaryo bo‘yidagi pecheneg va kangar konfederatsiyalarini tor-mor etdilar. Bu kampaniyalar 200,000 dan ortiq pecheneglarni shimoli-g‘arbga, Ural daryosi va Pont dashtlari tomon surib chiqardi, natijada o‘g‘uz qarorgohlari Kaspiy darvozalaridan Amudaryo qirg‘oqlarigacha yoyildi.[\\[20\\]](#reference-20) Yabg‘ular boshchiligidagi o‘g‘uz kuchlari Jend kabi shahar markazlaridan o‘lpon yig‘ib, Dashti Qipchoq hududlarida chorvadorlar hukmronligi uchun zamin yaratdilar.\n","century-9",{"title":443,"date":443,"markdown":444,"id":445},"10-asr","| Yil    | Voqea   |\n|---------|-----------|\n|`914`| 914-yilgi shartnoma pecheneglar va Rus knyazi Igor o'rtasida tuzilgan tinchlik shartnomasi edi.|\n|`924`| Qidan mo'g'ullari qirg'izlarni Mo'g'ulistondan haydab chiqardi. Ba'zi qirg'izlar Yenisey hududiga qaytishdi, ba'zilari esa hozirgi Qirg'iziston hududiga qochib o'tdilar.|\n|`932`| Qoraxoniylar hukmdori Saltuq Bug'raxon Islomni qabul qildi va bu dinni qabul qilgan birinchi turk monarxi bo'ldi.|\n|`940`| Xazarlarga qarshi Vizantiya-Kiyev Rusi ittifoqi tuzildi. Xazar xoqonligi Qrimni boy berdi.|\n|`941`| Gansu davlati (Sariq uyg'urlar) Xitoy vassaliga aylandi.|\n|`960`| Xasday ibn Shaprut (Kordova) va Xazar xoqoni Iosif o'rtasidagi \"Xazar yozishmalari\".|\n|`963`| Turk generali Alp Tegin Somoniylarning vassal davlati sifatida G'aznaviylarga asos soldi.|\n|`969`| Ruslar xazarlar poytaxti Atilni egalladi.|\n|`977`| Sabuk Tegin davrida G'aznaviylar mustaqil musulman sultonligiga (imperiyasiga) aylandi.|\n|`985`| Saljuq boshchiligidagi katta turk qabilasi (Kınık) Xazar (O'g'uz?) hududidan Jend shahri (hozirgi Janubiy Qozog'iston) atrofiga ko'chib o'tdi.|\n|`999`| Qipchoqlar tomonidan O'g'uz konfederatsiyasining tarqatib yuborilishi.|\n\n## Qoraxoniylar xoqonligi va ilk islomlashuv\n\nQoraxoniylar xoqonligi Ettisuv mintaqasidagi qarluq turk qabilalari konfederatsiyasidan kelib chiqqan bo‘lib, 840-yilda Uyg‘ur xoqonligi qulaganidan keyin shakllana boshlagan.[\\[21\\]](#reference-21) 10-asr boshlariga kelib, konfederatsiya turk davlatchiligiga xos bo‘lgan ikki tomonlama boshqaruv tizimiga o‘tdi: Balasog‘unda sharqiy xoqon va Qoshg‘arda g‘arbiy ilig o‘rnashdi, bu ko‘chmanchi va yarim o‘troq unsurlar o‘rtasidagi bo‘linishni aks ettirar edi.[\\[22\\]](#reference-22)\n\nXoqonlik tarixidagi burilish nuqtasi 934-yil atrofida Islomni qabul qilgan Saltuq Bug‘raxon (hukmronlik davri 920–955) nomi bilan bog‘liq.[\\[24\\]](#reference-24) Bu turkiy ko‘chmanchi hukron elitasining birinchi keng ko‘lamli islomlashuvi edi. 950-yillarga kelib, uning vorislari davrida Islom davlat diniga aylandi. Islomlashuv jarayoni iqtisodiy va strategik manfaatlarga ham asoslangan edi; masalan, Qoraxoniylar qo‘shinlari Somoniylar armiyasida xizmat qilib, nufuz qozonganlar.[\\[26\\]](#reference-26) Bu davrda turkiy-islomiy gibrid institutlar, masalan, 10-asr oxirida Markaziy Osiyodagi birinchi madrasalar paydo bo‘ldi. 999-yilda Nasr ibn Ali boshchiligida Buxoroning zabt etilishi xoqonlikning mintaqadagi asosiy kuch sifatida o‘rnini mustahkamladi.[\\[21\\]](#reference-21)\n\n## G'aznaviylar imperiyasi va O'g'uz harakatlari\n\nG‘aznaviylar sulolasi 977-yilda somoniy generali Alp Teginning kuyovi, sobiq qul Sabuk Tegin tomonidan tashkil etilgan.[\\[28\\]](#reference-28) Sabuk Tegin Hindukushdagi mahalliy hukmdorlarga qarshi yurishlar orqali G‘aznaviylar nufuzini kengaytirdi. Uning o‘g‘li Mahmud G‘aznaviy (998–1030) davrida imperiya o‘zining eng yuksak cho‘qqisiga chiqdi. U 1000-1027 yillar oralig‘ida Shimoliy Hindistonga 17 marta yurish qildi.[\\[30\\]](#reference-30) Bu yurishlar natijasida qo‘lga kiritilgan ulkan boyliklar G‘azna shahrida fors adabiyoti va me’morchiligi rivojlanishiga hamda turk qo‘shinlari orasida sunniy islomning yoyilishiga xizmat qildi.\n\n\n\nShu bilan birga, 10-asrda o‘g‘uz turk qabilalari qarluqlar bilan to‘qnashuvlar va iqlimiy bosimlar tufayli g‘arbga tomon sezilarli darajada ko‘chdilar.[\\[33\\]](#reference-33) 10-asr o‘rtalariga kelib, Sirdaryoning quyi oqimida o‘g‘uz yabg‘usi Saljuq boshchiligida O‘g‘uz Yabg‘u davlati shakllandi. Ushbu harakatlar o‘g‘uzlarning Movarounnahrga kirib borishiga va keyinchalik 11-asrda saljuqiylarning g‘arbga, Fors tomon yurishiga zamin tayyorladi.[\\[34\\]](#reference-34)\n","century-10",{"title":447,"date":447,"markdown":448,"id":449},"11-asr","| Yil    | Voqea   |\n|---------|-----------|\n|`1016`| Xazar xoqonligi Rus va qipchoqlar bosimi ostida tarqalib ketdi.|\n| `1037`| Ruslar pecheneglarni mag'lub etdi.|\n| `1038`| Saljuqning nevaralari To'g'rul va Chag'ri hozirgi Turkmaniston hududidagi tarixiy Marv shahrini zabt etdilar va mustaqillik e'lon qildilar. Buyuk Saljuqiylar imperiyasining boshlanishi.|\n| `1040`| Saljuqiy turklar — To'g'rul va Chag'ri Dandanakan jangida G'aznaviylar armiyasini mag'lub etib, Sharqiy Forsga o'rnasha boshladilar.|\n| `1042`| Qoraxoniylar hududida fuqarolar urushi. Sharqiy va G'arbiy Qoraxoniylarga bo'linish.|\n| `1048`| Ibrohim Yinal (To'g'rulning ukasi) Pasinler jangida Vizantiya-Gruziya qo'shinini mag'lub etdi. Turklar Sharqiy Anadoluda.|\n| `1050`| Pecheneglar Vizantiya hududlariga reydlar uyushtirdi.|\n| `1055`| Bir qator g'alabalardan so'ng xalifa To'g'rulni sulton (Buyuk Saljuqiy sultoni) deb e'lon qildi.|\n| `1065`| O'g'uzlar (uzlar) Vizantiya imperiyasiga o'lpon to'lashni qabul qildi.|\n| `1071`| Saljuqiy turklar hukmdori Alp Arslan Malazgirt jangida Vizantiya imperatori Roman Diogenni mag'lub etdi.|\n| `1072`| Alp Arslanning vafoti. Malikshoh sulton bo'ldi.|\n| `1072`| \"Danishmandnoma\" dostonlari qahramoni Danishmand G'ozi Markaziy Anadoluda (Sivas atrofida) o'z bekligiga asos soldi.|\n| `1072`| Qoraxoniylik Mahmud Koshg'ariy tomonidan Abbosiy xalifasiga taqdim etish uchun \"Devonu lug'atit-turk\" asari yozildi.|\n| `1077`| Sulaymon I (Malikshohning amakivachchasi) hozirgi G'arbiy Turkiyada davlat tuzdi. Buyuk Saljuqiylar vassal bo'lsa-da, tezda mustaqil bo'lib ketdi (Rum Saljuqiylari).|\n| `1077`| Xorazmshohlar sulolasining Buyuk Saljuqiylar vassali sifatida paydo bo'lishi.|\n| `1081`| Izmirda Chaka bek o'z bekligiga asos soldi va turk tarixidagi birinchi dengiz kuchini yaratdi.|\n| `1085`| Malikshohning ukasi Tutush I Suriyada qisqa umr ko'rgan beklikka asos soldi.|\n| `1089`| Vengerlar qipchoqlarni mag'lub etdi.|\n| `1091`| Qipchoqlar pecheneglarni mag'lub etdi.|\n| `1093`| Qipchoqlar Stugna daryosi bo'yidagi jangda Kiyev Rusi knyazi Svyatopolk II ni mag'lub etdi.|\n| `1096`| Saljuqiy Qilich Arslan I \"Xalq salib yurishi\"ni mag'lub etdi.|\n| `1097`| Birinchi salib yurishi paytida salibchilar Doriley jangida saljuqiylarni mag'lub etdi. Poytaxt Iznik salibchilar tomonidan egallandi (Yangi poytaxt — Konya).|\n\n## Saljuqiylar istilosi va imperiyaning qurilishi\n\nMarkaziy Osiyodagi o‘g‘uz qabilalaridan kelib chiqqan saljuqiy turklar To‘g‘rulbek va Chag‘ribek boshchiligida g‘arbga ko‘chdilar. 1040-yil 23-maydagi Dandanakan jangi hal qiluvchi bo‘ldi: 16,000 saljuqiy chavandozi Sulton Mas’ud I boshchiligidagi 50,000 kishilik G‘aznaviylar armiyasini tor-mor etdi.[\\[36\\]](#reference-36) Bu g‘alaba G‘aznaviylarni Xurosondan siqib chiqardi va saljuqiylarga ko‘chmanchi reydlardan tizimli hududiy nazoratga o‘tish imkonini berdi.\n\n\n\n1055-yilda To‘g‘rulbek qo‘shini Bag‘dodga qarshiliksiz kirdi va xalifa tomonidan \"sulton\" deb e’lon qilindi. Bu saljuqiylarni sunniy musulmon dunyosining himoyachisi sifatida qonuniylashtirdi. 1063-yilda taxtga chiqqan Alp Arslan g‘arbga kengayishni tezlashtirdi va 1071-yil 26-avgustda Malazgirt jangida Vizantiya imperatori Roman IV qo‘shinini mag‘lub etdi.[\\[38\\]](#reference-38) Bu g‘alaba Anadoluning turklashishi va o‘g‘uz qabilalarining bu hududlarga joylashishi uchun yo‘l ochdi.\n\nImperiya qurilishida vazir Nizomulmulkning (vaf. 1092) xizmatlari katta bo‘ldi. U ma’muriyatni markazlashtirdi, harbiy iqto tizimini isloh qildi va Bag‘dod, Nishopur hamda Isfahonda \"Nizomiya\" madrasalariga asos soldi.[\\[40\\]](#reference-40) Bu choralar turk harbiy qudrati bilan fors ma’muriy tajribasini muvozanatlashtirdi.\n\n## Yevropaga pecheneg va qipchoq (kuman) hujumlari\n\nPecheneglar 10-asr boshlarida Qora dengiz va Dunay shimolida hukmronlik o‘rnatib, vaqti-vaqti bilan Vizantiya hududlariga hujum qilib turishgan. 1030–1040 yillar atrofida sharqdan qipchoqlar (kumanlar) bosimi tufayli katta pecheneg guruhlari Dunaydan o‘tib, Bolgariya va Vizantiya yerlariga bostirib kirdilar.[\\[41\\]](#reference-41)\n\n\n\n1087–1091 yillardagi yirik pecheneg hujumi Vizantiya imperatori Aleksiy I Komninni qiyin ahvolga soldi. Biroq, 1091-yil 29-apreldagi Levunion tog‘i jangida Vizantiya va qipchoq ittifoqchi kuchlari pecheneglarni butunlay tor-mor etdi. Bu voqea pecheneglarning Yevropadagi harbiy qudrati tugashini anglatardi.[\\[45\\]](#reference-45)\n\nQipchoqlar (kumanlar) esa 11-asr o‘rtalarida Pont dashtlariga kirib kelib, pecheneglar o‘rnini egalladilar va Sharqiy Yevropa bo‘ylab, hatto Karpat tog‘lari va Kiyev Rusigacha reydlar uyushtirdilar. Ularning tezkor otliq qo‘shinlari va murakkab kamonlari \"ur va qoch\" taktikasini qo‘llash imkonini berar edi. 1068-yilda qipchoqlar xonlar boshchiligida Vengriyaga bostirib kirib, u yerdagi aholi punktlarini vayron qilganlar.[\\[46\\]](#reference-46) 12-asrgacha qipchoqlar mintaqaning asosiy ko'chmanchi kuchi bo'lib qoldilar.\n","century-11",{"title":451,"date":451,"markdown":452,"id":453},"12-asr","| Yil    | Voqea   |\n|---------|-----------|\n|`1101`| Rum Saljuqiylar sultoni Qilich Arslon I Birinchi salib yurishining ikkinchi to'lqinidagi Bloklik Stefan va Vermandualik Gugoni mag'lub etdi. |\n|`1104`| Damashq otobegi Tug'tekin Suriyada qisqa muddatli beklikka asos soldi. Bu Saljuqiy otobeglar sulolalarining birinchi namunasi edi. |\n|`1121`| Mardinli Ortuqiy Ilg'ozi boshchiligidagi Saljuqiy qo'shini Tiflis yaqinida gruzinlar tomonidan mag'lub etildi. |\n|`1128`| Mavsul va Halab otobegi Imoduddin Zangiy Zangiylar sulolasiga asos soldi. |\n|`1141`| Qidan mo'g'ullari (Qoraxitoylar) Qatvon jangida Buyuk Saljuqiy sultoni Sanjarni mag'lub etdi. |\n|`1146`| Ozarbayjon otobegi Eldengiz Ozarbayjonning birinchi mustaqil turkiy sulolasiga asos soldi. |\n|`1147`| Ikkinchi salib yurishi paytida Rum Saljuqiylari sultoni Mas'ud I Dorileydagi ikkinchi jangda Muqaddas Rim imperatori Konrad III ni va Laodikiya jangida Fransiya qiroli Lyudovik VII ni mag'lub etdi. |\n|`1153`| Buyuk Saljuqiy sultoni Sanjar o'zining o'g'uz vassallari tomonidan mag'lub etildi. |\n|`1154`| O'g'uz turklari Nishopur kutubxonasini vayron qilishdi.[\\[14\\]](#reference-14) |\n|`1176`| Saljuqiy Qilich Arslon II Miriyokefalon jangida Vizantiya imperatori Manuel I Komnenosni mag'lub etdi. |\n|`1178`| Danishmandiylar hukmronligi tugadi. Ularning hududi Qilich Arslon II tomonidan qo'shib olindi. |\n|`1190`| Olmon Muqaddas Rim imperatori Fridrix I Barbarossa va Uchinchi salib yurishi qo'shini Janubiy Anadoludagi Konya (Ikoniy) jangida turklarni mag'lub etdi. Keyinchalik u Silifke yaqinidagi Ko'ksu daryosini kesib o'tayotganda cho'kib ketdi. |\n\n## Saljuqiylar parchalanishi va sultonliklar\n\n1092-yil noyabrda Sulton Malikshoh I ning vafoti va o‘sha yil boshida uning vaziri Nizomulmulkning o‘ldirilishi Saljuqiylar imperiyasini Malikshohning o‘g‘illari va qarindoshlari boshchiligidagi raqib guruhlarga parchalab yuborgan vorislik inqirozini keltirib chiqardi.[\\[48\\]](#reference-48) 1094-yilda o‘n ikki yoshida sulton deb e’lon qilingan Barkiyaruq Suriyadagi amakisi Tutush I va akasi Muhammad Tapar kabi raqiblarga qarshi kurashdi, bu esa markaziy hokimiyatni zaiflashtirgan o‘n yillik fuqarolar urushlariga sabab bo‘ldi.[\\[48\\]](#reference-48) Muhammad I Tapar oxir-oqibat g‘alaba qozonib, 1105-yildan 1118-yilgacha sultonlik qildi va birlikni tiklashga urindi, biroq uning vafoti o‘g‘li Mahmud II va 1097-yildan beri sharqiy viloyatlarni nazorat qilayotgan ukasi Ahmad Sanjar o‘rtasida yangi nizolarni keltirib chiqardi.[\\[49\\]](#reference-49)\n\n\n\nAhmad Sanjarning 1118-yildan 1157-yilgacha bo‘lgan amaldagi hukmronligi Xuroson va Movarounnahrda dastlabki barqarorlikni ta’minladi, ammo tashqi mag‘lubiyatlar inqirozni tezlashtirdi. 1141-yil 9-sentyabrda Qatvon jangida uning armiyasi Qoraxitoylarga mag‘lub bo‘lishi o‘lpon to‘lashga majbur qildi va nufuziga putur yetkazdi.[\\[49\\]](#reference-49) Ichki bosimlar 1153-yildagi o‘g‘uzlar isyoni bilan yakunlandi, unda ko‘chmanchi o‘g‘uz qabilalari Marv yaqinida Sanjarni mag‘lub etib, asirga olishdi va uni 1156-yilgacha asirlikda ushlab, Marv va Nishopur kabi shaharlarni talon-taroj qilishdi.[\\[50\\]](#reference-50) Sanjarning 1157-yildagi vafoti sharqiy saljuqiylarni samarali rahbarsiz qoldirdi va otobeglar hamda Xorazmshohlar kabi mahalliy kuchlarning yuksalishiga yo‘l ochdi.[\\[49\\]](#reference-49)\n\n## Anadoluda turklarning o'rnashishi\n\n12-asr Rum Saljuqiylari sultonligi ostida Anadoluda turklarning joylashishini mustahkamlash bosqichi bo‘ldi. 1071-yilgi Malazgirt jangidan so‘ng o‘lja va yaylov ilinjida kelgan ko‘chmanchi turkman qabilalari barqarorlashgan saljuqiy boshqaruvi ostida mustahkam o‘rin egallay boshladilar. Turkman guruhlari Vizantiya chegaralari bo‘ylab joylashib, davlatning qat’iy nazoratisiz yaylovlardan foydalanganlar, bu esa doimiy migratsiya va mahalliy nikohlar orqali demografik o‘zgarishlarga olib keldi.[\\[51\\]](#reference-51)\n\nSulton Mas’ud I (hukmronlik davri 1116–1156) Birinchi salib yurishidan keyin saljuqiy nufuzini tiklashda muhim rol o‘ynadi. U 1147-yilda Doriley va Kadmus tog‘i yaqinida olmon va fransuz qo‘shinlari ustidan g‘alaba qozonib, Ikkinchi salib yurishi bosqinlarini qaytardi va Konya kabi markaziy Anadolu hududlarini keyingi qabilaviy oqimlar uchun baza sifatida mustahkamladi. Ushbu harbiy muvaffaqiyatlar turk jangchilariga iqto yerlarini ajratishga va chorvadorlar orasida yarim o‘troq turmush tarzini rag‘batlantirishga imkon berdi.[\\[51\\]](#reference-51)[\\[52\\]](#reference-52)\n\n\n\nQilich Arslon II (1156–1192) davrida sultonlik Danishmandiylar kabi raqib bekliklarni o‘ziga qo‘shib olib, tajovuzkorona kengaydi. 1176-yil 17-sentyabrdagi Miriyokefalon jangi Vizantiyaning Anadoluni qayta egallash umidlarini butunlay yo‘qqa chiqardi. Bu g‘alaba yarim orol ichkarisida saljuqiy hukmronligini mustahkamladi va Konyada madrasalar kabi turkiy madaniy muassasalarning ko‘payishiga turtki bo‘ldi.[\\[51\\]](#reference-51)[\\[53\\]](#reference-53)\n","century-12",{"title":455,"date":455,"markdown":456,"id":457},"13-asr","| Yil    | Voqea   |\n|---------|-----------|\n|`1202`| Rum Saljuqiylari Saltuqiylar bekligini mag'lub etib, shimoli-sharqiy Anadoluni qo'shib oldi.|\n|`1205`| Buyuk Saljuqiylar imperiyasi parchalanganidan so'ng, Xorazmshohlar mustaqillik e'lon qilib, sobiq saljuqiy hududlarining ko'p qismini zabt etdilar.|\n|`1206`| Hindistonda Qutbuddin Aybak tomonidan Dehli qul (g'ulomlar) sulolasi tashkil etildi.|\n|`1209`| Turfon uyg'urlari mo'g'ullarning vassaliga aylandi.|\n|`1209`| G'arbiy Anadoluning Akshahar shahrida so'fiy va hajviy shaxs Nasriddin (Afandi) dunyoga keldi. Uning latifalari, ayniqsa 1243-yildan keyingi mo'g'ul hukmdorlari bilan bog'liq hikoyalari barcha turkiy tilli davlatlarda mashhurdir.|\n|`1211`| Qidan mo'g'ullari Sharqiy Qoraxoniylar hukmronligiga chek qo'ydi.|\n|`1212`| Xorazmshohlar G'arbiy Qoraxoniylar hukmronligini tugatdi.|\n|`1220`| Alouddin Kayqubod I Rum Saljuqiylari sultoni bo'ldi.|\n|`1220`| Mo'g'ullar Xorazmshohlar davlatini tugatdi.|\n|`1224`| Bamiyon va Kurraman Qarlug'iylari o'z qirolligiga asos soldi.|\n|`1230`| Saljuqiy Alouddin Kayqubod I Yassichaman jangida Jaloliddin Manguberdini mag'lub etdi.|\n|`1236`| Dehli sultonligi hukmdori Roziya sulton — islom davlatlaridagi birinchi ayol hukmdor.|\n|`1239`| Bobo Ishoq isyoni. Anadoluga yaqinda kelgan turkmanlar va xorazmlik qochqinlarning qo'zg'oloni (isiyon qonli bostirildi, ammo sultonlik kuchsizlandi).|\n|`1241`| Mo'g'ullar qipchoqlarni mag'lub etdi.|\n|`1243`| Mo'g'ullar Ko'sedog' jangida Rum Saljuqiylari sultonligini mag'lub etdi.|\n|`1250`| Qipchoq askarlaridan biri bo'lgan Aybak Misrda Mamluklar sulolasiga asos soldi.|\n|`1260`| Mamluk generali (keyinchalik sulton) Baybars Ayn Jolut jangida Elxoniy Hulokuxon qo'shinini mag'lub etdi.|\n|`1277`| Anadoludagi yarim mustaqil bek (shuningdek, saljuqiylarning qisqa muddatli vaziri) Qaramano'g'li Mehmet bek o'z hududida turk tilini davlat tili deb e'lon qildi.|\n|`1293`| Qirg'izlarning navbatdagi isyoni mo'g'ullar tomonidan bostirildi. Aksariyat qirg'iz qabilalari hozirgi Qirg'iziston hududiga ko'chib o'tdi.|\n|`1293`| \"Codex Cumanicus\" — lotinlar uchun yozilgan qipchoq tili lug'ati.|\n|`1299`| Usmon I tomonidan Usmonli bekligiga asos solindi.|\n\n## Turk davlatlarining mo'g'ullar tomonidan zabt etilishi\n\n13-asrdagi mo‘g‘ul istilolari Xorazmshohlar imperiyasi, qipchoq konfederatsiyalari va Rum Saljuqiylari kabi yirik turkiy davlatlar hayotini tubdan o‘zgartirib, ularning bo‘ysundirilishiga yoki Mo‘g‘ul imperiyasi tarkibiga qo‘shib olinishiga olib keldi. Chingizxon boshlagan va uning vorislari davom ettirgan bu yurishlar ichki ziddiyatlardan va mo‘g‘ullarning ustun harbiy taktikasidan foydalanib, keng ko‘lamli vayronagarchiliklarga sabab bo‘ldi.[\\[54\\]](#reference-54)\n\n\n\nXorazmshohlar davlatiga bostirib kirish 1218-yilda O‘tror hokimi Chingizxon yuborgan savdogarlar va elchilarni qatl qilganidan keyin boshlandi.[\\[54\\]](#reference-54) 1220-yilga kelib mo‘g‘ul qo‘shinlari Samarqand va Buxoro kabi muhim shaharlarni egalladi. Shoh Muhammad II g‘arbga qochib, surgunda vafot etdi; uning o‘g‘li Jaloliddin qarshilik ko‘rsatgan bo‘lsa-da, 1230-yilga kelib mag‘lubiyatga uchradi.[\\[54\\]](#reference-54) G‘arbiy dashtlarda Botuxon boshchiligidagi kuchlar 1236-yildan boshlab qipchoq (kuman) guruhlarini nishonga oldi va 1240-yillardan boshlab Oltin O‘rda (Qipchoq xoqonligi) hukmronligini o‘rnatdi.[\\[56\\]](#reference-56) Anadoluda esa 1243-yil 26-iyundagi Ko‘sedog‘ jangi Rum Saljuqiylarini mo‘g‘ullarning vassaliga aylantirdi.[\\[57\\]](#reference-57)\n\n## Mo'g'ullardan keyingi turk davlatlarining paydo bo'lishi\n\nMo‘g‘ul istilosi Rum Saljuqiylari sultonligining parchalanishiga va mahalliy turk amirlari hamda qabila boshliqlari tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan yarim mustaqil hududlar — bekliklarning paydo bo‘lishiga olib keldi.[\\[58\\]](#reference-58) Bu hokimiyat bo‘shlig‘i o‘g‘uz turkiy guruhlariga, xususan, g‘oziy jangchilariga G‘arbiy va Markaziy Anadoluda o‘z xonadonlariga asos solish imkonini berdi.\n\n---\n\nEng ko‘zga ko‘ringanlaridan biri 1256-yilda Larende (hozirgi Qaraman) yaqinida asos solingan **Qaraman bekligi** edi.[\\[61\\]](#reference-61) 1270-yillarga kelib, Mehmet bek davrida u kengaydi va fors-saljuqiy me’yorlariga zid ravishda turk tilini ma’muriy til sifatida targ‘ib qildi. Boshqa bekliklarga quyidagilar kirdi:\n* **Eshrefo'g'ullari** (Beyshehir, taxm. 1277);\n* **Hamido'g'ullari** (Antalya, 1280-yillar);\n* **Germiyano'g'ullari** (Kutahya, 13-asr oxiri).\n\nMisr va Suriyada esa 1250-yilda Aybak tomonidan asos solingan **Bahriy Mamluklar sultonligi** paydo bo‘ldi. Ularning qipchoq turklaridan iborat elitasi 1260-yil 3-sentyabrda Ayn Jolut jangida mo‘g‘ullarni to‘xtatib, Yaqin Sharqni turk-musulmon qal’asi sifatida himoya qilib qoldi.[\\[64\\]](#reference-64)\n","century-13",{"title":459,"date":459,"markdown":460,"id":461},"14-asr","| Yil    | Voqea   |\n|---------|-----------|\n|`1320 – 1424`| Dehlidagi Tug'luqiylar sulolasi Hindistonning katta qismini boshqardi.|\n|`1346`| Usmonli turklari Yevropaga qadam qo'ydi.|\n|`1361`| Usmonlilar tomonidan Edirnening (Adrianopol) zabt etilishi.|\n|`1370`| Salarlar etnogenezi: Markaziy Osiyodan ko'chgan turkman erkaklarining Tibet ayollari bilan nikohi natijasida Xitoyning Sinxay hududida yangi turkiy guruh shakllandi.|\n|`1370`| Temurning hokimiyatni qo'lga kiritishi, Temuriylar imperiyasining tashkil topishi.|\n|`1382`| To'xtamishxon Oltin O'rda qo'shini bilan Moskvani yoqib yubordi.|\n|`1389`| Kosovo jangi: Bolqonlarda Usmonli hukmronligi o'rnatildi.|\n|`1389 – 1403`| Boyazid I (Yildirim) hukmronligi.|\n|`1398`| Amir Temurning Hindistonga harbiy yurishi.|\n","century-14",{"title":463,"date":463,"markdown":464,"id":465},"15-asr","| Yil    | Voqea   |\n|---------|-----------|\n|`1402`| Amir Temur va Boyazid I o'rtasidagi Anqara jangi.|\n|`1406`| Oqqoyunli va Qoraqoyunli xalqlari tarix sahnasiga qayta chiqdi.|\n|`1453`| Sulton Mehmet Fotih tomonidan Istanbulning fathi.|\n|`1453–1504`| Oqqoyunli davlatining oltin davri.|\n|`1405`| Amir Temurning vafoti.|\n|`1405–1447`| Shohrux Mirzoning Hirotga kelishi.|\n|`1447–1449`| Mirzo Ulug'bek hukmronligi.|\n|`1465`| Qozoq xonligining tashkil etilishi.|\n|`1430`| Qrim xonligining tashkil topishi.|\n|`1445`| Qozon xonligining tashkil etilishi.|\n|`1462–1505`| Astraxan va Qozoq xonliklarining kuchayishi.|\n|`1473`| Sulton Husayn Boyqaro: Temuriylar renessansi.|\n","century-15",{"title":467,"date":467,"markdown":468,"id":469},"16-asr","## Zamonaviy davr (milodiy 1500 – hozirgi vaqt)\n\n| Yil    | Voqea   |\n|---------|-----------|\n|`1502`| Qrim xonligi tomonidan Oltin O'rda davlatining tugatilishi.|\n|`1552`| Rossiya tomonidan Qozon xonligining bosib olinishi.|\n|`1556`| Rossiya tomonidan Astraxan xonligining bosib olinishi.|\n|`1557`| Rossiya tomonidan No'g'ay xonligining bosib olinishi.|\n|`1571`| Qrim xonligi Moskvani yoqib yubordi.|\n|`1580–1598`| Rossiya tomonidan Sibir xonligining tugatilishi.|\n|`1500`| Muhammad Shayboniyxon va o'zbeklarning Movarounnahrga kelishi.|\n|`1510`| Shoh Ismoil tomonidan Shayboniyxonning mag'lub etilishi.|\n|`1502`| Ismoil Safaviy tomonidan Eronda Safaviylar sulolasining tashkil etilishi.|\n|`1514`| Choldiron jangi, Usmonlilarning Sharqiy Anadoluga o'rnashishi.|\n|`1516`| Ridaniya jangi, Usmonlilar Suriya va Falastinni Mamluklardan tortib oldi.|\n|`1517`| Hijozda Usmonli hukmronligi.|\n|`1534`| Usmonlilar Iroqni Safaviylardan tortib oldi.|\n|`1538`| Yamanda Usmonli hukmronligi o'rnatildi.|\n|`1551`| Usmonli hukmronligi Qatar va Ummongacha yetib bordi.|\n|`1578`| Usmonli qo'shinlarining Kaspiy dengiziga chiqishi.|\n|`1590`| Usmonlilar tomonidan butun Kavkaz va G'arbiy Eronning zabt etilishi.|\n|`1526`| Hindistonda Boburiylar imperiyasining tashkil etilishi.|\n|`1516`| Jazoirda Usmonli ma'muriyatining o'rnatilishi.|\n|`1516–1517`| Usmonlilar tomonidan Mamluklar davlatining tugatilishi va Misrda hukmronlik o'rnatilishi.|\n|`1551`| Liviyada Usmonli hukmronligining boshlanishi.|\n|`1557`| Usmonlilar tomonidan Habashiston (Efiopiya) viloyatining tashkil etilishi.|\n|`1574`| Tunisda Usmonli hukmronligining boshlanishi.|\n","century-16",{"title":471,"date":471,"markdown":472,"id":473},"17-asr","| Yil    | Voqea   |\n|---------|-----------|\n|`1600`| Sibir xonligining batamom mag'lubiyati.|\n|`1606`| Usmonli imperiyasining eng yuqori cho'qqisini ramziy ko'rsatuvchi Jitvatorok shartnomasi.|\n|`1683`| Usmonlilar tomonidan Venaning qamali.|\n|`1699`| Karlovits shartnomasi. Usmonlilar inqirozining boshlanishi.|\n|`1605`| Rossiyaning Yeniseyga bostirib kirishi.|\n|`1615–1650`| Yenisey qirg'izlarining ruslarga qarshi kurashi.|\n|`1620`| Rossiya tomonidan Yoqut yerlarining bosib olinishi.|\n|`1628`| Rossiyaning dolganlar ustidan hukmronligi.|\n|`1628–1630`| Sharqiy mo'g'ullardan mag'lub bo'lgan qalmoqlarning Qozog'iston orqali o'tib, Volga bo'yiga o'rnashishi.|\n|`1634–1642`| Rossiya tomonidan Yoqut isyonlarining bostirilishi.|\n|`1639`| Rossiyaning Tinch okeaniga chiqishi.|\n|`1680`| Mo'g'ullarning Sharqiy Turkistonni egallashi, Chig'atoy xonligining tugashi.|\n|`1628–1658`| Hindiston imperatori Shoh Jahon davri.|\n|`1658–1707`| Hindiston imperatori Avrangzeb davri.|\n","century-17",{"title":475,"date":475,"markdown":476,"id":477},"18-asr","| Yil    | Voqea   |\n|---------|-----------|\n|`1773–1775`| Rossiyadagi Pugachyov urushi (Tatarlar qo'zg'oloni).|\n|`1783`| Rossiya tomonidan Qrimning bosib olinishi.|\n|`1718–1730`| Usmonli imperiyasida \"Lola davri\".|\n|`1736–1747`| Turkman afsharlaridan bo'lgan Nodirshoh tomonidan Afshariylar imperiyasining tashkil etilishi.|\n|`1794`| Eronda turkiy qajarlar sulolasining hokimiyatga kelishi.|\n|`1709`| Qo'qon xonligining tashkil topishi.|\n|`1709–1718`| Jung'or-Qozoq xonligi mojarosi.|\n|`1718`| Qozoq xonligining uchta juzga (kichik qirolliklarga) bo'linishi.|\n|`1721`| Rossiya tomonidan Xakasiyaning bosib olinishi.|\n|`1731`| Qozoq xonligining Kichik juzi Rossiya protektoratligiga o'tdi.|\n|`1740–1747`| Xiva xonligida Eron hukmronligi.|\n|`1755–1759`| Xitoyda hokimiyatni egallagan Manjur sulolasi jung'orlar qo'lidagi Sharqiy Turkistonni zabt etdi.|\n|`1756`| Rossiya tomonidan Oltoy o'lkasining egallanishi.|\n|`1785`| Mang'itlar tomonidan Buxoro xonligida (amirligida) hokimiyatning egallanishi.|\n|`1705`| Usmonli imperiyasi tarkibidagi Tunisda Husayniylar sulolasining tayinlanishi.|\n|`1798–1799`| Napoleon Bonapartning Misr yurishi. Turk-fransuz to'qnashuvlari.|\n","century-18",{"title":479,"date":479,"markdown":480,"id":481},"19-asr","| Yil    | Voqea   |\n|---------|-----------|\n|`1829`| Gretsiyaning mustaqillikka erishuvi.|\n|`1878`| Berlin shartnomasi: Serbiya, Chernogoriya va Ruminiya mustaqillikka erishdi, Bolgariya muxtoriyat oldi.|\n|`1881`| Gretsiya tomonidan Tessaliyaning qo'shib olinishi.|\n|`1885`| Bolgariya tomonidan Sharqiy Rumeliyaning annessiya qilinishi.|\n|`1813`| Rossiya tomonidan Dog'iston va Ozarbayjonning bosib olinishi.|\n|`1827`| Bolqarlar ustidan Rossiya hukmronligining o'rnatilishi.|\n|`1828`| Qorachoylarning Rossiya hukmronligi ostiga o'tishi.|\n|`1828`| Rossiya tomonidan Yerevan va Naxichevanning qo'shib olinishi.|\n|`1829`| Rossiya tomonidan Axalsixening bosib olinishi.|\n|`1839`| Usmonli imperiyasida Tanzimat farmonining e'lon qilinishi.|\n|`1876`| Usmonli imperiyasining birinchi konstitutsiyasi qabul qilindi.|\n|`1820`| Qozoq xonligining Katta juzi Qo'qon xonligi hukmronligi ostiga o'tdi.|\n|`1847`| Qozoq xonligi yerlari to'liq Rossiya ixtiyoriga o'tdi.|\n|`1851–1854`| Xiva xonligining ruslardan mag'lubiyatga uchrashi.|\n|`1864`| Rossiyaning G'arbiy Turkistonga harbiy yurishlari boshlanishi.|\n|`1865`| Sharqiy Turkistonda Qoshg'ar xonligining tashkil etilishi.|\n|`1866`| Buxoro amirligining Rossiya vassaliga aylanishi.|\n|`1868`| Qo'qon xonligining Rossiyaga bo'ysundirilishi.|\n|`1871`| Rossiya tomonidan Balxash ko'li atroflarining egallanishi.|\n|`1873`| Xiva xonligining Rossiya protektoratiga aylanishi.|\n|`1876`| Rossiya tomonidan Qo'qon xonligining tugatilishi.|\n|`1877–1878`| Xitoy tomonidan Qoshg'ar xonligining tugatilishi.|\n|`1881–1884`| Rossiya tomonidan Turkmanistonning bosib olinishi.|\n|`1805`| Boburiylar davlati Maratxa konfederatsiyasini mag'lub etgan inglizlar homiyligiga o'tdi.|\n|`1857`| Inglizlar Boburiylar sulolasini butunlay ag'darib tashladi.|\n|`1807`| Britaniya qul savdosini bekor qildi; Qirollik floti Afrika atrofida qul kemalarini tutishni boshladi.|\n|`1822`| Sudanning Usmonli hukmronligi ostiga o'tishi.|\n|`1830–1842`| Jazoirning Fransiya tomonidan istilo qilinishi.|\n|`1831–1840`| Usmonli-Misr mojarosi, Misrning muxtoriyatga erishuvi.|\n|`1869`| Suvaysh kanalining ochilishi.|\n|`1881`| Fransiyaning Jazoirga ikkinchi bosqini.|\n|`1882`| Britaniyaning Misrni bosib olishi.|\n|`1885`| Italiyaning Habashistonga (Efiopiya) bosqini.|\n|`1885`| Sudanda turk-usmonli hukmronligining tugashi.|\n|`1888`| Britaniyaning Somaliga bostirib kirishi, Afrika Shoxida turk ta'sirining yakunlanishi.|\n","century-19",{"title":483,"date":483,"markdown":484,"id":485},"20-asr","| Yil    | Voqea   |\n|---------|-----------|\n|`1905`| Jadidchilik harakatlarining boshlanishi.|\n|`1910–1920`| Qozoq va qirg'izlarning \"Alash O'rda\" hukumati.|\n|`1911-1912`| Italiya tomonidan Tripoli (Liviya) bosib olinishi.|\n|`1912`| Bolqon urushlari.|\n|`1915–1916`| Gallipoli (Chanoqqal'a) jangi.|\n|`1917`| Turkiston muxtoriyatining e'lon qilinishi.|\n|`1918`| Turkiya va Antanta davlatlari o'rtasida Mudros sulhi imzolandi.|\n|`1918`| Ozarbayjon Demokratik Respublikasining tashkil etilishi.|\n|`1919–1922`| Turkiya mustaqillik urushi.|\n|`1919–1928`| Sovet Ittifoqiga qarshi \"Bosmachilik\" (Milliy ozodlik) harakati.|\n|`1921–1944`| Tuva Xalq Respublikasi.|\n|`1922`| Turk qo'shinlarining yunonlar ustidan g'alabasi.|\n|`1923`| Turkiya Respublikasining e'lon qilinishi.|\n|`1932–1934`| Xitoyda uyg'urlarning Sharqiy Turkiston Islom Respublikasi.|\n|`1938`| Mustafo Kamol Otaturkning vafoti.|\n|`1944`| Rus armiyasi ko'magida qisqa muddatli Sharqiy Turkiston Respublikasining tuzilishi.|\n|`1945`| Pishevariy tomonidan Janubiy Ozarbayjon muxtor hukumatining tuzilishi (Tabriz, Ardebil, Urmiya).|\n|`1946`| Pahlaviylar rejimi tomonidan Janubiy Ozarbayjon milliy harakatining qonli bostirilishi.|\n|`1974`| Turkiyaning Kiprga harbiy amaliyoti.|\n|`1983`| Shimoliy Kipr Turk Respublikasining mustaqilligi e'lon qilindi.|\n|`1988`| Ozarbayjon-Armaniston mojarosining boshlanishi.|\n|`1990`| Sovet qo'shinlarining Bokuga bostirib kirishi (Qonli yanvar).|\n|`1991`| SSSRning parchalanishi va mustaqil turkiy davlatlarning paydo bo'lishi.|\n|`1992`| Turkiy respublikalarning BMTga a'zo bo'lishi: Qozog'iston, O'zbekiston, Ozarbayjon, Turkmaniston, Qirg'iziston.|\n|`1992`| 1992-yil 30-oktabrda Anqarada birinchi Turkiy tilli davlatlar sammiti bo'lib o'tdi.|\n|`1993`| Armaniston tomonidan Ozarbayjon hududlarining bosib olinishi (Birinchi Qorabog' urushi).|\n|`1993`| Olmaotada turkiy tilli davlatlarning madaniy hamkorligini ta'minlovchi TÜRKSOY tashkiloti tuzildi.|\n","century-20",{"title":487,"date":487,"markdown":488,"id":489},"21-asr","| Yil    | Voqea   |\n|---------|-----------|\n|`2005`| Qirg'izistondagi \"Lola inqilobi\".|\n|`2005`| Nursulton Nazarboyevning Markaziy Osiyoda yagona bozor tashkil etish tashabbusi.|\n|`2005`| O'zbekistondagi Andijon voqealari.|\n|`2006`| Boku-Tbilisi-Jayhun neft quvuri ishga tushirildi.|\n|`2007`| Kaspiy dengizi maqomini belgilash bo'yicha qirg'oqbo'yi davlatlarining birinchi uchrashuvi.|\n|`2008`| Turkiy tilli mamlakatlar Parlament Assambleyasi (TURKPA) tashkil etildi.|\n|`2009`| Turkiy Davlatlar Tashkilotiga (Naxichevan kelishuvi) asos solindi.|\n|`2013`| Turkiyadagi Gezi bog'i namoyishlari.|\n|`2016`| Turkiyada harbiy to'ntarishga urinish.|\n","century-21",{"title":491,"date":491,"markdown":492,"id":493},"Tarixshunoslik munozaralari","\n## Migratsiyalar bo‘yicha genetik va arxeologik dalillar\n\nZamonaviy turkiy tilli xalqlarning Y-xromosomasi va autosomal DNK tahlillari Janubiy Sibir va Mo‘g‘uliston yaqinidagi Oltoy-Sayan mintaqasidan kelib chiqqan umumiy \"Ichki Osiyo\" genetik komponentini aniqladi. Bu 1-ming yillik atrofida proto-turkiy guruhlarning sharqiy dashtlardan tarqalganini tasdiqlaydi.[\\[67\\]](#reference-67) Ushbu komponent 6-13-asrlarda turkiy tillarni olib yuruvchi ko‘chmanchilarning Volga bo‘yiga va Anadolu tomon ko‘chishini aks ettiradi.[\\[67\\]](#reference-67) Gaplogruppalar taqsimoti xilma-xillikni ko‘rsatadi: Sibir turkiy guruhlarida **C2** (20-30% gacha) va **Q** kabi Sharqiy Yevrosiyo liniyalari ustunlik qilsa, ilk xoqonliklar davrida hind-eroniy xalqlar bilan aloqalar natijasida **R1a** va **R1b** kabi G‘arbiy Yevrosiyo liniyalari ham aralashgan.[\\[68\\]](#reference-68)\n\nAnadoluda 1071-yildan keyingi o‘g‘uz ko‘chishlari natijasida zamonaviy turk genofondiga Markaziy Osiyodan qo‘shilgan ulush **9-15%** atrofida baholanadi. Qolgan qism esa bronza davri va Vizantiya davridagi mahalliy aholiga tegishlidir.[\\[67\\]](#reference-67)[\\[69\\]](#reference-69) Contemporary turklardagi dominant Y-gaplogruppalar — **J2a (18%)**, **R1b (15%)** va **R1a (12%)** — Sharqiy Osiyodan ko‘ra ko‘proq G‘arbiy Osiyo va Yevropa liniyalari bilan mos keladi, bu esa lingvistik turklashuv genetik almashinuvdan ko‘ra kuchliroq bo‘lganini ko‘rsatadi.[\\[69\\]](#reference-69)\n\nArxeologik dalillar sifatida Oltoy va Ettisuvda paydo bo‘lgan, keyinchalik g‘arbiy yo‘nalishlarda tarqalgan **tamg‘alar**ni (urug‘ belgilari) ko‘rsatish mumkin.[\\[71\\]](#reference-71) 7-10-asrlarda Movarounnahr va Pont dashtlarida otlar bilan birga ko‘milgan kurganlar, murakkab kamonlar va temir uzangilar turkiy ko‘chmanchilar harakatini belgilab beradi.[\\[72\\]](#reference-72) Shuningdek, 6-asrdan boshlab o‘rnatilgan **bolballar** (tosh haykallar) Markaziy Osiyo nekropollaridan tortib Anadolu Saljuqiylari muhitigacha uchraydi, bu esa madaniy merosning saqlanib qolganidan dalolat beradi.[\\[73\\]](#reference-73)\n\n## Til va madaniy davomiylik bo‘yicha nizolar\n\nOlimlar turkiy tillarning 6-8-asrlardagi qadimgi turkiy bitiktoshlardan (Ko‘kturk xoqonligi) boshlab Qoraxoniylar va Chig‘atoy tillarigacha bo‘lgan filologik davomiyligini tasdiqlaydilar.[\\[74\\]](#reference-74) Biroq, tillarning tarqalish davri bo‘yicha bahslar mavjud: Bayesian modellariga ko‘ra, proto-turkiy til bundan **2,000–2,500 yil avval** shakllangan va 8-10-asrlarga kelib o‘g‘uz, qipchoq va qarluq guruhlariga bo‘lingan.[\\[75\\]](#reference-75) Bu bahslar mongol yoki eroniy tillarning ta’siri, ayniqsa bulg‘or va chuvash kabi chekka tarmoqlardagi o‘zgarishlar masalasini o‘rtaga tashlaydi.[\\[76\\]](#reference-76)\n\nMadaniy davomiylik masalasida **Tangritalloh (Tengrizm)** kosmologiyasi, urug‘-aymoq tuzilishi va ko‘chmanchi chorvachilik 10-asrdagi islomlashuvdan keyin ham so‘fiylik hamda og‘zaki eposlar (dostonlar) tarkibida saqlanib qolgani kuzatiladi.[\\[77\\]](#reference-77) Shunga qaramay, Piter Golden kabi tarixchilar o‘rta asr dasht konfederatsiyalari qat’iy til yoki qon-qarindoshlikdan ko‘ra ko‘proq siyosiy-iqtisodiy ittifoqlarga asoslanganini, bu esa eroniy yoki boshqa guruhlarning turkiy xalqlar tarkibiga oson qo‘shilib ketishiga imkon berganini ta’kidlaydilar.[\\[78\\]](#reference-78) Bugungi kunda bu munozaralar milliy o‘zlikni shakllantirishda muhim rol o‘ynaydi: milliy tarixshunoslik ko‘pincha qadimdan uzilmagan bog‘liqlikni urg‘ulasa, sovet davri tahlillari bo‘linishlarga ko‘proq e’tibor qaratgan.[\\[80\\]](#reference-80)\n","historiography",{"title":495,"date":495,"markdown":496,"id":497},"Adabiyotlar ro'yxati","\u003Cdiv class=\"break-all\">\n\n1. \u003Cspan id=\"reference-1\" style=\"scroll-margin-top: 8rem\">\u003C/span> https://www.turkishculturalfoundation.org/education/files/brief-outline-of-turkish-history.pdf\n2. \u003Cspan id=\"reference-2\" style=\"scroll-margin-top: 8rem\">\u003C/span> https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781000904215_A46375819/preview-9781000904215_A46375819.pdf\n3. \u003Cspan id=\"reference-3\" style=\"scroll-margin-top: 8rem\">\u003C/span> https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter_Golden/publication/281319978_An_Introduction_to_the_History_of_the_Turkic_Peoples/links/55e1bbf308ae2fac471f3432/An-Introduction-to-the-History-of-the-Turkic-Peoples.pdf\n4. \u003Cspan id=\"reference-4\" style=\"scroll-margin-top: 8rem\">\u003C/span> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372422782_The_Turkic_Peoples_in_World_History\n5. \u003Cspan id=\"reference-5\" style=\"scroll-margin-top: 8rem\">\u003C/span> https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/AsiaEasternKhagans.htm\n6. \u003Cspan id=\"reference-6\" style=\"scroll-margin-top: 8rem\">\u003C/span> https://resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/archived/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Gokturks.pdf\n7. \u003Cspan id=\"reference-7\" style=\"scroll-margin-top: 8rem\">\u003C/span> http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/osawa.html\n8. \u003Cspan id=\"reference-8\" style=\"scroll-margin-top: 8rem\">\u003C/span> https://webofproceedings.org/proceedings_series/ESSP/CSTSS%202019/CSTSS110433.pdf\n9. \u003Cspan id=\"reference-9\" style=\"scroll-margin-top: 8rem\">\u003C/span> https://www.academia.edu/32907924/The_Impact_of_General_Li_Jings_Military_Thought_on_the_Fall_of_the_Eastern_T%C3%BCrk_Qaghanate\n10. \u003Cspan id=\"reference-10\" style=\"scroll-margin-top: 8rem\">\u003C/span> https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-war/china-the-tang-600900/AE6F906AB720A59E69B248FB0BF3B802\n11.  \u003Cspan id=\"reference-11\" style=\"scroll-margin-top: 8rem\">\u003C/span> https://silkroadresearch.blog/2018/10/08/turkic-khaganate/\n12. \u003Cspan id=\"reference-12\" style=\"scroll-margin-top: 8rem\">\u003C/span> https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%253A3636687/view\n13. \u003Cspan id=\"reference-13\" style=\"scroll-margin-top: 8rem\">\u003C/span> https://www.sociostudies.org/upload/sociostudies.org/journal/seh/2019_2/005_Vasyutin%2520FIN.pdf\n14. \u003Cspan id=\"reference-14\" style=\"scroll-margin-top: 8rem\">\u003C/span> https://phersu-atlas.com/chronology/polity6540.html\n15. \u003Cspan id=\"reference-15\" style=\"scroll-margin-top: 8rem\">\u003C/span> http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/uighurs.html\n16. \u003Cspan id=\"reference-16\" style=\"scroll-margin-top: 8rem\">\u003C/span> https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-53\n17. \u003Cspan id=\"reference-17\" style=\"scroll-margin-top: 8rem\">\u003C/span> https://zh.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVa%2520silk%2520road_%2520the%2520uighurs%252C%2520the%2520kyrgyz%2520and%2520the%2520tangut.pdf\n18. \u003Cspan id=\"reference-18\" style=\"scroll-margin-top: 8rem\">\u003C/span> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314840340_Kyrgyz_Khaganate\n19. 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https://grokipedia.com/page/Timeline_of_the_Turkic_peoples_(500%E2%80%931300)#references\n\u003Cdiv/>\n\n\nTahririy tuzatish manbalari: [Xiongnu](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/xiongnu/); [Savelyev va Jeong (2020)](https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2020.18). Eski bibliografiya izchillik uchun saqlandi; bu barcha fikrlar mutaxassis tekshiruvidan o‘tganini anglatmaydi.","references","IWrEDbtC0C997J6GTXB5aXoxvRRPrJhf7H8D13Yg51o",{"data":500,"body":501},{},{"type":502,"children":503},"root",[504],{"type":505,"tag":506,"props":507,"children":508},"element","p",{},[509],{"type":510,"value":411},"text",{"data":512,"body":513},{},{"type":502,"children":514},[515,522,527],{"type":505,"tag":516,"props":517,"children":519},"h3",{"id":518},"miloddan-avvalgi-209-yil-modu-va-xunnular",[520],{"type":510,"value":521},"Miloddan avvalgi 209-yil: Modu va xunnular",{"type":505,"tag":506,"props":523,"children":524},{},[525],{"type":510,"value":526},"Modu (Maodun) miloddan avvalgi 209-yilda shanyu bo‘lib, xunnular ittifoqini mustahkamladi. Uning etnik va til tarkibi bahsli. Savelyev va Jeong (2020) turkiyzabon guruhlar qatnashgan bo‘lishi mumkinligini ko‘rsatuvchi dalillarni hamda aholi, til va keyingi gunnlarni o‘zaro bog‘lashdagi cheklovlarni muhokama qiladi. Shu sababli ittifoqni bir xil turkiy millat yoki ishonchli tasdiqlangan ilk turkiy davlat deb ko‘rsatib bo‘lmaydi. Miloddan avvalgi 209-yilga nisbat berilgan zamonaviy harbiy xotira sanasi muassasaning uzluksiz davomiyligini isbotlamaydi.",{"type":505,"tag":506,"props":528,"children":529},{},[530,539,541,548],{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":532,"children":536},"a",{"href":533,"rel":534},"https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/xiongnu/",[535],"nofollow",[537],{"type":510,"value":538},"Encyclopaedia Iranica: Xiongnu",{"type":510,"value":540},"; ",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":542,"children":545},{"href":543,"rel":544},"https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2020.18",[535],[546],{"type":510,"value":547},"Savelyev va Jeong, 2020",{"type":510,"value":549},".",{"data":551,"body":552},{},{"type":502,"children":553},[554],{"type":505,"tag":506,"props":555,"children":556},{},[557,559,565],{"type":510,"value":558},"IV asr oxiridagi gunnlar harakati Qora dengiz dashti va Rim dunyosi o‘rtasidagi aloqalarni o‘zgartirdi. Gunnlarning til tarkibi va xunnular bilan munosabati bahsli; bu keyingi turkiy tarix uchun kontekst, yagona xalqning uzluksizligiga dalil emas. ",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":560,"children":562},{"href":543,"rel":561},[535],[563],{"type":510,"value":564},"Savelyev va Jeong (2020)",{"type":510,"value":549},{"data":567,"body":568},{},{"type":502,"children":569},[570],{"type":505,"tag":506,"props":571,"children":572},{},[573,575,582],{"type":510,"value":574},"V asr dasht ko‘chishlari haqidagi manbalarda sabirlar va ilk bulg‘or guruhlari uchraydi. O‘zgaruvchan ittifoqlar va bahsli joylashuvlarni zamonaviy etnik guruhlarning aniq xaritasiga aylantirib bo‘lmaydi. ",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":576,"children":579},{"href":577,"rel":578},"https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khazars/",[535],[580],{"type":510,"value":581},"Encyclopaedia Iranica: Khazars",{"type":510,"value":549},{"data":584,"body":585},{},{"type":502,"children":586},[587,594,879,885,902,913],{"type":505,"tag":588,"props":589,"children":591},"h2",{"id":590},"orta-asrlarturklar",[592],{"type":510,"value":593},"O'rta asrlar/Turklar",{"type":505,"tag":595,"props":596,"children":597},"table",{},[598,617],{"type":505,"tag":599,"props":600,"children":601},"thead",{},[602],{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":604,"children":605},"tr",{},[606,612],{"type":505,"tag":607,"props":608,"children":609},"th",{},[610],{"type":510,"value":611},"Yil",{"type":505,"tag":607,"props":613,"children":614},{},[615],{"type":510,"value":616},"Voqea",{"type":505,"tag":618,"props":619,"children":620},"tbody",{},[621,640,657,674,691,708,725,742,778,795,811,828,845,862],{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":622,"children":623},{},[624,635],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":626,"children":627},"td",{},[628],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":630,"children":632},"code",{"className":631},[],[633],{"type":510,"value":634},"545",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":636,"children":637},{},[638],{"type":510,"value":639},"G'arbiy Vey elchisining Oltoy tog'lariga kelishi. Turklar yetakchisi bo'lgan Ashina urug'i yetakchisi sifatida Buminning birinchi bor tilga olinishi.",{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":641,"children":642},{},[643,652],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":644,"children":645},{},[646],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":647,"children":649},{"className":648},[],[650],{"type":510,"value":651},"551",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":653,"children":654},{},[655],{"type":510,"value":656},"Bumin Oltoy tog'lari atrofida turklarning mustaqilligini e'lon qiladi, Mo'g'ul platosidagi O'tuken (Ötüken)ni bosib oladi va xoqon (qaghan) unvonini oladi. Uning imperiyasi Turk xoqonligi yoki xalq orasida Ko'kturk (Samoviy Turk) deb nomlangan.",{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":658,"children":659},{},[660,669],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":661,"children":662},{},[663],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":664,"children":666},{"className":665},[],[667],{"type":510,"value":668},"552",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":670,"children":671},{},[672],{"type":510,"value":673},"Akasi Istamini G'arbiy mintaqalarga o'z yabg'usi (vassali) sifatida yuborganidan ko'p o'tmay, Bumin xoqon vafot etadi. Uning to'ng'ich o'g'li Issiq (Keluo) xoqon bo'ladi.",{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":675,"children":676},{},[677,686],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":678,"children":679},{},[680],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":681,"children":683},{"className":682},[],[684],{"type":510,"value":685},"554",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":687,"children":688},{},[689],{"type":510,"value":690},"Buminning ikkinchi o'g'li Muqan xoqon bo'ladi. Bir qator muvaffaqiyatli yurishlardan so'ng Ko'kturklar Ipak yo'lini nazorat qila boshlaydilar.",{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":692,"children":693},{},[694,703],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":695,"children":696},{},[697],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":698,"children":700},{"className":699},[],[701],{"type":510,"value":702},"568",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":704,"children":705},{},[706],{"type":510,"value":707},"Turklar delegatsiyasi sug'diy Mani boshchiligida Vizantiyaliklar bilan ipak savdosi uchun Konstantinopolga kelganidan so'ng, Yustinian II davridagi Vizantiya imperiyasi bilan ittifoq tuziladi.",{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":709,"children":710},{},[711,720],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":712,"children":713},{},[714],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":715,"children":717},{"className":716},[],[718],{"type":510,"value":719},"572",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":721,"children":722},{},[723],{"type":510,"value":724},"Buminning kenja o'g'li Taspar xoqon akasining vafotidan so'ng xoqon bo'ladi.",{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":726,"children":727},{},[728,737],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":729,"children":730},{},[731],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":732,"children":734},{"className":733},[],[735],{"type":510,"value":736},"576",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":738,"children":739},{},[740],{"type":510,"value":741},"Vizantiyaliklar (kelishuvga zid ravishda) Ko'kturklarning dushmanlari bo'lgan avarlar bilan shartnoma tuzganidan so'ng, Vizantiya bilan ittifoq to'xtaydi. 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U endigina shakllanayotgan Tan sulolasidan har yili 100 000 tup ipak o‘lpon olib, Oltoydan to sharqiy dashtlargacha bo‘lgan ko‘chmanchi konfederatsiyalar ustidan hukmronlikni saqlab qoldi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":1521,"children":1523},{"href":1522},"#reference-9",[1524],{"type":510,"value":1525},"[9]",{"type":510,"value":1527}," Ushbu hukmronlik davri Ko‘kturk harbiy qudratini aks ettirardi: ularning otliq qo‘shinlari 100 000 jangchigacha yetar, bu esa Xitoy hududiga chuqur reydlar uyushtirish imkonini berar edi. Bu qudrat Tan imperatori Gaozuni 617-yilda, Suy sulolasi qulashi paytida ittifoq izlashga majbur qildi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":1529,"children":1530},{"href":1514},[1531],{"type":510,"value":1517},{"type":505,"tag":506,"props":1533,"children":1534},{},[1535,1537,1541,1543,1547,1549],{"type":510,"value":1536},"626-yilda Syuanvu darvozasi voqeasidan so‘ng, Taytszun (Li Shimin) ichki tozalashlar orasida taxtga o‘tirganida keskinlik kuchaydi; Illig xoqon Tan zaifligidan foydalanib, qo‘shinlarini Chang'an yaqinidagi Veyshuy daryosigacha olib bordi va kamsituvchi tinchlik shartnomasini imzolashga majbur qildi, bu shartnoma o‘lponni oshirish va hududiy yon bosishlarni o‘z ichiga olgan edi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":1538,"children":1539},{"href":1514},[1540],{"type":510,"value":1517},{"type":510,"value":1542}," Biroq, Ko‘kturk yuksalishi tabiiy ofatlar — 627–628 yillardagi kuchli qor bo‘ronlari va qurg‘oqchilik tufayli to‘xtab qoldi. Bu ofatlar podalarni qirib yubordi va ocharchilikka sabab bo‘ldi, bu esa elita orasidagi hasad va qabilalarning Tan agentlari tomoniga o‘tib ketishi bilan murakkablashdi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":1544,"children":1545},{"href":1522},[1546],{"type":510,"value":1525},{"type":510,"value":1548}," Taytszun ushbu parchalanishdan foydalanib, 629-yilgi qishki hujumda general Li Jingni 100 000 qo‘shin bilan yubordi. Ular qochish hiylasi va tezkor otliq manyovrlar yordamida Ko‘kturk pozitsiyalarini qurshab oldilar.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":1550,"children":1551},{"href":1522},[1552],{"type":510,"value":1525},{"type":505,"tag":506,"props":1554,"children":1555},{},[1556,1558,1562,1566,1568,1572,1574],{"type":510,"value":1557},"Hal qiluvchi to‘qnashuv 630-yil boshida Yinshanda sodir bo‘ldi, u yerda Tan qo‘shinlari Tieshanda Illig xoqon armiyasini tor-mor etdi va uni qochishga majbur qildi; Li Jing 630-yil 27-martda Dinsyan yaqinida xoqonni o‘g‘li va 15 000 nafar elita vakillari bilan birga asirga oldi va xoqonlikning asosiy tuzilmasini amalda tugatdi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":1559,"children":1560},{"href":1514},[1561],{"type":510,"value":1517},{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":1563,"children":1564},{"href":1522},[1565],{"type":510,"value":1525},{"type":510,"value":1567}," Tan sulolasi omon qolgan Ashina urug‘larini qo‘g‘irchoq sifatida ishlatib, Ashina Shesheshuayni Jimi vassal tizimi ostida xoqon etib tayinladi, Xueyantuo qabilalari esa Gobi shimolidagi hokimiyat bo‘shlig‘ini to‘ldirib, keyingi Tan aralashuvlariga yo‘l ochib berdi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":1569,"children":1570},{"href":1514},[1571],{"type":510,"value":1517},{"type":510,"value":1573}," Ushbu to‘qnashuvlar \"Jiu Tangshu\" kabi Tan yilnomalarida qayd etilgan bo‘lib, ular logistika va razvedka borasida ustun bo‘lgan o‘troq imperiyaga qarshi Ko‘kturklarning haddan tashqari kengayib ketganini ko‘rsatdi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":1575,"children":1576},{"href":1522},[1577],{"type":510,"value":1525},{"type":505,"tag":588,"props":1579,"children":1581},{"id":1580},"birinchi-xoqonlikning-qulashi",[1582],{"type":510,"value":1583},"Birinchi xoqonlikning qulashi",{"type":505,"tag":506,"props":1585,"children":1586},{},[1587,1589,1593,1595],{"type":510,"value":1588},"Birlashgan Ko‘kturk xoqonligi 6-asr oxirida Ashina urug‘i ichidagi sulolaviy mojarolar va taxt uchun kurashlar, shuningdek, uzoq davom etgan urushlar va og‘ir iqlim sharoitlari keltirib chiqargan iqtisodiy qiyinchiliklar tufayli parchalana boshladi. 581-yilda Taspar xoqon vafotidan so‘ng, uning o‘g‘li Apa xoqon va amakisi Tardu xoqon kabi da’vogarlar o‘rtasida o‘zaro urushlar boshlandi, bu markaziy hokimiyatni zaiflashtirdi va qabilalarning ajralib chiqishiga sabab bo‘ldi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":1590,"children":1591},{"href":898},[1592],{"type":510,"value":901},{"type":510,"value":1594}," Bu ichki bo‘linishlar 603-yilga kelib xoqonlikning amalda qulashi bilan yakunlandi va u Oltoy tog‘laridan sharqdagi hududlarni nazorat qiluvchi Yami avlodi boshchiligidagi Sharqiy Turk xoqonligi va Tardu avlodi boshchiligidagi G'arbiy Turk xoqonligiga bo‘lindi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":1596,"children":1597},{"href":1514},[1598],{"type":510,"value":1517},{"type":505,"tag":506,"props":1600,"children":1601},{},[1602,1604,1610,1612],{"type":510,"value":1603},"Dastlab Chuluo xoqon (hukmronlik davri 617–620) va keyin Illig xoqon (620–630) davrida barqarorlashgan Sharqiy xoqonlik 620-yildan keyin yangi beqarorlikka duch keldi. Bunga Xueyantuo kabi tobe qabilalarning isyonlari va 627–628 yillardagi chorvani qirib yuborgan hamda ommaviy norozilikka sabab bo‘lgan kuchli qor bo‘ronlari kirdi. Illig xoqonning qattiqqo‘lligi va ba’zi ittifoqchilarga ko‘rsatgan xayrixohligi asosiy tarafdorlarini uzoqlashtirdi, Tan sulolasi elchilari esa Tele qabilalari kabi norozi turk rahbarlari bilan ittifoq tuzib, ushbu ziddiyatlardan foydalandilar.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":1605,"children":1607},{"href":1606},"#reference-10",[1608],{"type":510,"value":1609},"[10]",{"type":510,"value":1611}," 627-yilda Tan imperatori Taytszun shimoliy chegaralarni tekshirish uchun generallar Li Jing va Li Shiji qo‘mondonligidagi qo‘shinlarni safarbar qilib, hujumlarga ruxsat berdi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":1613,"children":1614},{"href":1514},[1615],{"type":510,"value":1517},{"type":505,"tag":506,"props":1617,"children":1618},{},[1619,1621,1625,1629,1631],{"type":510,"value":1620},"Tan sulolasining hal qiluvchi yurishi 629-yil oxiri va 630-yil bahorida bo‘lib o‘tdi. Li Jingning 100 000 ga yaqin qo‘shini, turk yordamchi kuchlari bilan birgalikda, Yin tog‘lari orqali o‘tib, 630-yil 17-martda Nixpanbo (hozirgi Baotou yaqinida, Ichki Mo‘g‘uliston) yaqinida Illig xoqon qarorgohiga kutilmaganda hujum qildi. Illig xoqon qochib ketdi, biroq ko‘p o‘tmay o‘g‘li va Ko‘kturk qonuniyligi ramzi bo‘lgan muqaddas bo‘ri bayrog‘i va osmon nog‘orasi bilan birga asirga olindi; 100 000 dan ortiq turk xonadonlari taslim bo‘ldi, bu Sharqiy xoqonlikning Tan protektorati sifatida bo‘ysundirilishini anglatardi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":1622,"children":1623},{"href":1606},[1624],{"type":510,"value":1609},{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":1626,"children":1627},{"href":1514},[1628],{"type":510,"value":1517},{"type":510,"value":1630}," Ko‘plab sharqiy turklar Tan chegaralari ichiga joylashtirildi, bu ularning harbiy kuchiga hissa qo‘shsa-da, ko‘chmanchilar jipsligini zaiflashtirdi; omon qolganlar esa g‘arbga qochib ketishdi, bu keyingi turk davlatlariga ta’sir ko‘rsatgan migratsiyalarning muqaddimasi bo‘ldi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":1632,"children":1633},{"href":898},[1634],{"type":510,"value":901},{"data":1636,"body":1637},{},{"type":502,"children":1638},[1639,2190,2196,2219,2240,2267,2273,2290,2311],{"type":505,"tag":595,"props":1640,"children":1641},{},[1642,1656],{"type":505,"tag":599,"props":1643,"children":1644},{},[1645],{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":1646,"children":1647},{},[1648,1652],{"type":505,"tag":607,"props":1649,"children":1650},{},[1651],{"type":510,"value":611},{"type":505,"tag":607,"props":1653,"children":1654},{},[1655],{"type":510,"value":616},{"type":505,"tag":618,"props":1657,"children":1658},{},[1659,1676,1693,1710,1727,1748,1775,1791,1808,1824,1841,1858,1879,1896,1913,1930,1947,1964,1981,1998,2015,2031,2048,2065,2082,2099,2116,2139,2156,2173],{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":1660,"children":1661},{},[1662,1671],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":1663,"children":1664},{},[1665],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":1666,"children":1668},{"className":1667},[],[1669],{"type":510,"value":1670},"704",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":1672,"children":1673},{},[1674],{"type":510,"value":1675},"Umaviylar voliysi Qutayba ibn Muslim Movarounnahrga bostirib kirdi.",{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":1677,"children":1678},{},[1679,1688],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":1680,"children":1681},{},[1682],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":1683,"children":1685},{"className":1684},[],[1686],{"type":510,"value":1687},"710",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":1689,"children":1690},{},[1691],{"type":510,"value":1692},"Ikkinchi Turk xoqonligi Qirg'iz xoqonligini qaqshatqich mag'lubiyatga uchratdi. 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Ular Qopag'anning o'g'li va akalarini o'ldirib, Bilga xoqonni xoqon qilib ko'tarishdi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":1772,"children":1773},{"href":1522},[1774],{"type":510,"value":1525},{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":1776,"children":1777},{},[1778,1786],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":1779,"children":1780},{},[1781],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":1782,"children":1784},{"className":1783},[],[1785],{"type":510,"value":1738},{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":1787,"children":1788},{},[1789],{"type":510,"value":1790},"Qadimgi turk tilidagi birinchi yozma yodgorliklar. To'nyuquqning Bayn Tsokto bitiklari. 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Bilga va uning triumvirati (Kultegin va To'nyuquq) barcha isyonlarni bostirdi.",{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":1842,"children":1843},{},[1844,1853],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":1845,"children":1846},{},[1847],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":1848,"children":1850},{"className":1849},[],[1851],{"type":510,"value":1852},"723",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":1854,"children":1855},{},[1856],{"type":510,"value":1857},"Umaviy arablar voliysi al-Harashiy Xo'jandda turklar va sug'diy qochqinlarni ikkinchi marta qirg'in qildi.",{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":1859,"children":1860},{},[1861,1870],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":1862,"children":1863},{},[1864],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":1865,"children":1867},{"className":1866},[],[1868],{"type":510,"value":1869},"724",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":1871,"children":1872},{},[1873,1875],{"type":510,"value":1874},"Turgash xoqoni Suluq o'zining \"ur va qoch\" taktikasi bilan Umaviy arab qo'shinlarini mag'lub etdi, bu voqea \"Chanqoqlik kuni\" (Yavm al-Atash) deb ataladi",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":1876,"children":1877},{"href":1606},[1878],{"type":510,"value":1609},{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":1880,"children":1881},{},[1882,1891],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":1883,"children":1884},{},[1885],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":1886,"children":1888},{"className":1887},[],[1889],{"type":510,"value":1890},"728",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":1892,"children":1893},{},[1894],{"type":510,"value":1895},"Turgash xoqoni Suluq Umaviy arab qo'shinlarini ikkinchi marta mag'lub etdi.",{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":1897,"children":1898},{},[1899,1908],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":1900,"children":1901},{},[1902],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":1903,"children":1905},{"className":1904},[],[1906],{"type":510,"value":1907},"730 (?)",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":1909,"children":1910},{},[1911],{"type":510,"value":1912},"Xazarlar janubiy Kavkazda Umaviy arab qo'shinlarini mag'lub etishdi. 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To'nyuquqning Bayn Tsokto yodgorligi bilan birgalikda bu obidalar O'rxon yodgorliklari deb ataladi. (2004-yilda ushbu yodgorliklar Osiyo va Avstraliyadagi Jahon merosi ob'ektlari ro'yxatiga kiritilgan)",{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":1948,"children":1949},{},[1950,1959],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":1951,"children":1952},{},[1953],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":1954,"children":1956},{"className":1955},[],[1957],{"type":510,"value":1958},"737",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":1960,"children":1961},{},[1962],{"type":510,"value":1963},"Umaviy arablar xazarlarni mag'lub etib, xazarlar poytaxti Balanjarni egallashdi. Tez orada xazarlar arablarni ortga surib yuborishdi. 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Uyg'urlar sharqda Turk xoqonligi o'rnini egalladilar va ularning vassali qarluqlar g'arbda sobiq O'noq hududini zabt eta boshladilar.",{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":2032,"children":2033},{},[2034,2043],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":2035,"children":2036},{},[2037],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":2038,"children":2040},{"className":2039},[],[2041],{"type":510,"value":2042},"747",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":2044,"children":2045},{},[2046],{"type":510,"value":2047},"Ikkinchi uyg'ur xoni Bayanchurxon poytaxt O'rdu-Baliq qurilishini boshladi.",{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":2049,"children":2050},{},[2051,2060],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":2052,"children":2053},{},[2054],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":2055,"children":2057},{"className":2056},[],[2058],{"type":510,"value":2059},"750",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":2061,"children":2062},{},[2063],{"type":510,"value":2064},"Arab imperiyasida Umaviylar sulolasi tugadi. Abbosiylar siyosati turklarga nisbatan bag'rikengroq bo'ldi.",{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":2066,"children":2067},{},[2068,2077],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":2069,"children":2070},{},[2071],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":2072,"children":2074},{"className":2073},[],[2075],{"type":510,"value":2076},"751",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":2078,"children":2079},{},[2080],{"type":510,"value":2081},"Talas jangida arablar xitoyliklarni mag'lub etishdi, jang o'rtasida 20 000 qarluq yollanma askarlari arablar tomoniga o'tib ketdi.",{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":2083,"children":2084},{},[2085,2094],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":2086,"children":2087},{},[2088],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":2089,"children":2091},{"className":2090},[],[2092],{"type":510,"value":2093},"753",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":2095,"children":2096},{},[2097],{"type":510,"value":2098},"Uyg'urlar xoni Bayanchurxonning Tariat bitiklari. 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Bayanchur isyonchi general An Lushan bo'lgan xitoy imperatorini qo'llab-quvvatladi.",{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":2117,"children":2118},{},[2119,2128],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":2120,"children":2121},{},[2122],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":2123,"children":2125},{"className":2124},[],[2126],{"type":510,"value":2127},"756",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":2129,"children":2130},{},[2131,2133],{"type":510,"value":2132},"Vizantiya imperatori Konstantin V va Dunay Bolgariyasi xoni Kormisosh o'rtasida uzoq davom etgan harbiy mojaroga chek qo'yuvchi tinchlik shartnomasi",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":2134,"children":2136},{"href":2135},"#reference-11",[2137],{"type":510,"value":2138},"[11]",{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":2140,"children":2141},{},[2142,2151],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":2143,"children":2144},{},[2145],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":2146,"children":2148},{"className":2147},[],[2149],{"type":510,"value":2150},"765",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":2152,"children":2153},{},[2154],{"type":510,"value":2155},"Uchinchi uyg'ur xoni Bo'gu moniylikni qabul qildi.",{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":2157,"children":2158},{},[2159,2168],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":2160,"children":2161},{},[2162],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":2163,"children":2165},{"className":2164},[],[2166],{"type":510,"value":2167},"766",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":2169,"children":2170},{},[2171],{"type":510,"value":2172},"Qarluqlar Turgashlarni mag'lub etdi. Turkistonning katta qismi (sobiq O'noq hududi) qarluqlar hukmronligi ostiga o'tdi. Ammo Orol ko'lining g'arbida O'g'uz Yabg'u davlati deb nomlangan erkin konfederatsiya vujudga keldi.",{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":2174,"children":2175},{},[2176,2185],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":2177,"children":2178},{},[2179],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":2180,"children":2182},{"className":2181},[],[2183],{"type":510,"value":2184},"789",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":2186,"children":2187},{},[2188],{"type":510,"value":2189},"Uyg'ur xoqonligida Ediz xonadoni Yag'loqar xonadoni o'rnini egalladi.",{"type":505,"tag":588,"props":2191,"children":2193},{"id":2192},"ikkinchi-kokturk-xoqonligi",[2194],{"type":510,"value":2195},"Ikkinchi Ko'kturk xoqonligi",{"type":505,"tag":506,"props":2197,"children":2198},{},[2199,2201,2205,2209,2211,2217],{"type":510,"value":2200},"Ikkinchi Ko‘kturk xoqonligi milodiy 682-yilda Ashina urug‘i a’zosi, Qutlug‘ nomi bilan ham mashhur bo‘lgan Eltarist xoqon (hukmronlik davri 682–691) Tan sulolasi hukmdorlariga qarshi isyon ko‘tarib, Mo‘g‘ulistondagi muqaddas O‘tukan markazini egallashi natijasida qayta tiklandi. U tarqoq turk qabilalarini, jumladan o‘g‘uzlar, basmillar va ilgari Xitoy qo‘shinlari tomonidan bo‘ysundirilgan boshqa guruhlarni birlashtirdi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":2202,"children":2203},{"href":892},[2204],{"type":510,"value":895},{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":2206,"children":2207},{"href":2135},[2208],{"type":510,"value":2138},{"type":510,"value":2210}," Bu uyg‘onish birinchi xoqonlik qulagandan keyin Tan protektorati ostidagi o‘n yilliklardan so‘ng sodir bo‘ldi va sharqiy dashtlarda Ashina hukmronligini tiklash uchun Vu Tsetyan davridagi Xitoyning ichki zaifliklaridan foydalandi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":2212,"children":2214},{"href":2213},"#reference-12",[2215],{"type":510,"value":2216},"[12]",{"type":510,"value":2218}," Eltaristning yurishlari hokimiyatni Yin tog‘laridan sharqqa qarab mustahkamlashga, mahalliy raqiblarni bo‘ysundirishga va g‘arbga keng ko‘lamli kengaymasdan ko‘chmanchilar mustaqilligini qayta tiklashga qaratilgan edi.",{"type":505,"tag":506,"props":2220,"children":2221},{},[2222,2224,2228,2230,2234],{"type":510,"value":2223},"Eltaristning ukasi va vorisi Qopag‘an xoqon (691–716) davrida xoqonlik tajovuzkorona kengaydi: harbiy majburlash va o‘lpon olish orqali boyirqu, to‘qqiz o‘g‘uz va qirg‘iz kabi qabilalarni o‘z ichiga oldi, shuningdek, resurslar va obro‘ni mustahkamlash uchun 698 va 711 yillarda Tan chegaralariga reydlar uyushtirdi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":2225,"children":2226},{"href":892},[2227],{"type":510,"value":895},{"type":510,"value":2229}," Qopag‘anning 716-yilda boyirqu qabilasiga qarshi yurish paytida vafot etishi taxt uchun kurashlarni keltirib chiqardi. Bu kurashlar natijasida uning jiyani Bilga xoqon (716–734) taxtga chiqdi, unga ukasi Kultegin harbiy qo‘mondon (shod) sifatida yordam berdi. Bilga davri xoqonlikning eng yuqori cho‘qqisi bo‘ldi: 717–718 yillarda Tan qo‘shinlari ustidan qozonilgan g‘alabalar Xitoy bosqinlarini to‘xtatdi va 720-yilga kelib o‘lpon to‘lashga majbur qildi, shu bilan birga qirg‘izlar va sharqiy tahdidlarga qarshi mudofaa tashkil etildi. Ushbu yutuqlar 732-yilda Kultegin sharafiga va 735-yilda Bilga vafotidan so‘ng o‘rnatilgan O‘rxon bitiklarida (runik yodgorliklarida) batafsil bayon etilgan; ularda qabilaviy birlik, Xitoyga qarshi mustaqillik va tangrichilik qonuniyligi g‘oyalari urg‘ulangan.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":2231,"children":2232},{"href":2135},[2233],{"type":510,"value":2138},{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":2235,"children":2237},{"href":2236},"#reference-13",[2238],{"type":510,"value":2239},"[13]",{"type":505,"tag":506,"props":2241,"children":2242},{},[2243,2245,2251,2253,2257,2261,2263],{"type":510,"value":2244},"Bilgadan keyingi inqiroz 731-yilda Kultegin va 734-yilda Bilga vafotidan so‘ng tezlashdi. Yo‘lliq Tengri xoqon va Ozmish xoqon (734–741) kabi beqaror hukmdorlar vassal qabilalar o‘rtasidagi nizolar tufayli suiqasdlar va isyonlarga duch keldilar.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":2246,"children":2248},{"href":2247},"#reference-14",[2249],{"type":510,"value":2250},"[14]",{"type":510,"value":2252}," Tengri xoqon (741–744) 741-yilda o‘z shodi tomonidan o‘ldirildi, bu esa tashqi aralashuvga yo‘l ochib bergan tartibsizlikni kuchaytirdi. 744-yilda Qutlug‘ Bilga xoqon boshchiligidagi uyg‘urlar, qarluqlar va basmillar bilan ittifoq tuzib, Ko‘kturklarni ag‘dardi, O‘tukanni egalladi, oxirgi xoqonni qatl etdi va Uyg‘ur hukmronligini o‘rnatdi. Shu tariqa Ikkinchi xoqonlik 62 yildan keyin tugatildi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":2254,"children":2255},{"href":2135},[2256],{"type":510,"value":2138},{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":2258,"children":2259},{"href":2247},[2260],{"type":510,"value":2250},{"type":510,"value":2262}," Ushbu inqiroz majburiy qabilaviy ittifoqlarga haddan tashqari tayanib qolish va ichki hokimiyat bo‘shlig‘ini hal qila olmaslik natijasida kelib chiqqan, buni Xitoy yilnomalari va O‘rxon matnlaridagi o‘zaro nizo haqidagi ogohlantirishlar ham tasdiqlaydi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":2264,"children":2265},{"href":2236},[2266],{"type":510,"value":2239},{"type":505,"tag":588,"props":2268,"children":2270},{"id":2269},"uygur-xoqonligining-yuksalishi",[2271],{"type":510,"value":2272},"Uyg'ur xoqonligining yuksalishi",{"type":505,"tag":506,"props":2274,"children":2275},{},[2276,2278,2284,2286],{"type":510,"value":2277},"Uyg‘ur xoqonligi milodiy 744-yilda uyg‘urlar (asosan To‘qqiz O‘g‘uz qabila ittifoqidan bo‘lgan turkiy tilda so‘zlashuvchi ko‘chmanchi konfederatsiya) qarluqlar va basmillar bilan birgalikda muvofiqlashtirilgan isyon orqali kuchsizlanib qolgan Ikkinchi Ko‘kturk xoqonligini ag‘darishi natijasida tashkil topgan.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":2279,"children":2281},{"href":2280},"#reference-15",[2282],{"type":510,"value":2283},"[15]",{"type":510,"value":2285}," Bu isyon Ko‘kturklarning ichki nizolari va harbiy jihatdan haddan tashqari kengayib ketganidan foydalanib amalga oshirildi; isyonchilar xoqonlikning Mo‘g‘ul dashtlaridagi parchalangan hokimiyatidan unumli foydalandilar.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":2287,"children":2288},{"href":2280},[2289],{"type":510,"value":2283},{"type":505,"tag":506,"props":2291,"children":2292},{},[2293,2295,2299,2301,2305,2307],{"type":510,"value":2294},"744-yil boshida basmillar Ko‘kturklarning tantanali poytaxti O‘tukanni egallab, amaldagi xoqon Ozmishni (Vusumishi nomi bilan ham tanilgan) qatl etdilar va vaqtincha o‘zlarining qisqa muddatli xoqonligini o‘rnatdilar.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":2296,"children":2297},{"href":2280},[2298],{"type":510,"value":2283},{"type":510,"value":2300}," Yag‘loqar urug‘idan bo‘lgan Qutlug‘ Bilga Kul xoqon boshchiligidagi uyg‘urlar o‘sha yilning oxirida basmillarni uzil-kesil mag‘lub etish uchun qarluqlar bilan ittifoq tuzdilar. Ular O‘tukanni qo‘lga kiritib, qolgan Ko‘kturk qarshiligini yo‘q qildilar, jumladan, 745-yilda oxirgi xoqon Kulun Beg qatl etildi va uning boshi ittifoq ramzi sifatida Tan saroyiga yuborildi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":2302,"children":2303},{"href":2280},[2304],{"type":510,"value":2283},{"type":510,"value":2306}," Birinchi xoqon deb e’lon qilingan Qutlug‘ Bilga Ko‘kturklarning ma’muriy modellarini qabul qildi, biroq siyosiy markazni O‘rxon daryosi bo‘yidagi yangi mustahkamlangan O‘rdu-Baliq (Qara Balgasun) shahriga ko‘chirdi. 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Xoqonlik aholisi o‘n minglab ko‘chmanchi jangchilardan iborat bo‘lib, ular o‘nlik harbiy tizimda tashkil etilgan edi. 740-yillarning oxiriga kelib, Qutlug‘ Bilganing vorislari, masalan, uning o‘g‘li Bayanchur xoqon davrida, xoqonlik isyonchi guruhdan imperiya tuzilmasiga o‘tdi. 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Biroq, 1091-yil 29-apreldagi Levunion tog‘i jangida Vizantiya va qipchoq ittifoqchi kuchlari pecheneglarni butunlay tor-mor etdi. Bu voqea pecheneglarning Yevropadagi harbiy qudrati tugashini anglatardi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":3412,"children":3414},{"href":3413},"#reference-45",[3415],{"type":510,"value":3416},"[45]",{"type":505,"tag":506,"props":3418,"children":3419},{},[3420,3422,3428],{"type":510,"value":3421},"Qipchoqlar (kumanlar) esa 11-asr o‘rtalarida Pont dashtlariga kirib kelib, pecheneglar o‘rnini egalladilar va Sharqiy Yevropa bo‘ylab, hatto Karpat tog‘lari va Kiyev Rusigacha reydlar uyushtirdilar. Ularning tezkor otliq qo‘shinlari va murakkab kamonlari \"ur va qoch\" taktikasini qo‘llash imkonini berar edi. 1068-yilda qipchoqlar xonlar boshchiligida Vengriyaga bostirib kirib, u yerdagi aholi punktlarini vayron qilganlar.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":3423,"children":3425},{"href":3424},"#reference-46",[3426],{"type":510,"value":3427},"[46]",{"type":510,"value":3429}," 12-asrgacha qipchoqlar mintaqaning asosiy ko'chmanchi kuchi bo'lib qoldilar.",{"data":3431,"body":3432},{},{"type":502,"children":3433},[3434,3662,3668,3693,3716,3722,3733,3748],{"type":505,"tag":595,"props":3435,"children":3436},{},[3437,3451],{"type":505,"tag":599,"props":3438,"children":3439},{},[3440],{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":3441,"children":3442},{},[3443,3447],{"type":505,"tag":607,"props":3444,"children":3445},{},[3446],{"type":510,"value":611},{"type":505,"tag":607,"props":3448,"children":3449},{},[3450],{"type":510,"value":616},{"type":505,"tag":618,"props":3452,"children":3453},{},[3454,3471,3488,3505,3522,3539,3556,3573,3590,3611,3628,3645],{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":3455,"children":3456},{},[3457,3466],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":3458,"children":3459},{},[3460],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":3461,"children":3463},{"className":3462},[],[3464],{"type":510,"value":3465},"1101",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":3467,"children":3468},{},[3469],{"type":510,"value":3470},"Rum Saljuqiylar sultoni Qilich Arslon I Birinchi salib yurishining ikkinchi to'lqinidagi Bloklik Stefan va Vermandualik Gugoni mag'lub etdi.",{"type":505,"tag":603,"props":3472,"children":3473},{},[3474,3483],{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":3475,"children":3476},{},[3477],{"type":505,"tag":629,"props":3478,"children":3480},{"className":3479},[],[3481],{"type":510,"value":3482},"1104",{"type":505,"tag":625,"props":3484,"children":3485},{},[3486],{"type":510,"value":3487},"Damashq otobegi Tug'tekin Suriyada qisqa muddatli beklikka asos soldi. 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Keyinchalik u Silifke yaqinidagi Ko'ksu daryosini kesib o'tayotganda cho'kib ketdi.",{"type":505,"tag":588,"props":3663,"children":3665},{"id":3664},"saljuqiylar-parchalanishi-va-sultonliklar",[3666],{"type":510,"value":3667},"Saljuqiylar parchalanishi va sultonliklar",{"type":505,"tag":506,"props":3669,"children":3670},{},[3671,3673,3679,3681,3685,3687],{"type":510,"value":3672},"1092-yil noyabrda Sulton Malikshoh I ning vafoti va o‘sha yil boshida uning vaziri Nizomulmulkning o‘ldirilishi Saljuqiylar imperiyasini Malikshohning o‘g‘illari va qarindoshlari boshchiligidagi raqib guruhlarga parchalab yuborgan vorislik inqirozini keltirib chiqardi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":3674,"children":3676},{"href":3675},"#reference-48",[3677],{"type":510,"value":3678},"[48]",{"type":510,"value":3680}," 1094-yilda o‘n ikki yoshida sulton deb e’lon qilingan Barkiyaruq Suriyadagi amakisi Tutush I va akasi Muhammad Tapar kabi raqiblarga qarshi kurashdi, bu esa markaziy hokimiyatni zaiflashtirgan o‘n yillik fuqarolar urushlariga sabab bo‘ldi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":3682,"children":3683},{"href":3675},[3684],{"type":510,"value":3678},{"type":510,"value":3686}," Muhammad I Tapar oxir-oqibat g‘alaba qozonib, 1105-yildan 1118-yilgacha sultonlik qildi va birlikni tiklashga urindi, biroq uning vafoti o‘g‘li Mahmud II va 1097-yildan beri sharqiy viloyatlarni nazorat qilayotgan ukasi Ahmad Sanjar o‘rtasida yangi nizolarni keltirib chiqardi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":3688,"children":3690},{"href":3689},"#reference-49",[3691],{"type":510,"value":3692},"[49]",{"type":505,"tag":506,"props":3694,"children":3695},{},[3696,3698,3702,3704,3710,3712],{"type":510,"value":3697},"Ahmad Sanjarning 1118-yildan 1157-yilgacha bo‘lgan amaldagi hukmronligi Xuroson va Movarounnahrda dastlabki barqarorlikni ta’minladi, ammo tashqi mag‘lubiyatlar inqirozni tezlashtirdi. 1141-yil 9-sentyabrda Qatvon jangida uning armiyasi Qoraxitoylarga mag‘lub bo‘lishi o‘lpon to‘lashga majbur qildi va nufuziga putur yetkazdi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":3699,"children":3700},{"href":3689},[3701],{"type":510,"value":3692},{"type":510,"value":3703}," Ichki bosimlar 1153-yildagi o‘g‘uzlar isyoni bilan yakunlandi, unda ko‘chmanchi o‘g‘uz qabilalari Marv yaqinida Sanjarni mag‘lub etib, asirga olishdi va uni 1156-yilgacha asirlikda ushlab, Marv va Nishopur kabi shaharlarni talon-taroj qilishdi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":3705,"children":3707},{"href":3706},"#reference-50",[3708],{"type":510,"value":3709},"[50]",{"type":510,"value":3711}," Sanjarning 1157-yildagi vafoti sharqiy saljuqiylarni samarali rahbarsiz qoldirdi va otobeglar hamda Xorazmshohlar kabi mahalliy kuchlarning yuksalishiga yo‘l ochdi.",{"type":505,"tag":531,"props":3713,"children":3714},{"href":3689},[3715],{"type":510,"value":3692},{"type":505,"tag":588,"props":3717,"children":3719},{"id":3718},"anadoluda-turklarning-ornashishi",[3720],{"type":510,"value":3721},"Anadoluda turklarning o'rnashishi",{"type":505,"tag":506,"props":3723,"children":3724},{},[3725,3727],{"type":510,"value":3726},"12-asr Rum Saljuqiylari sultonligi ostida Anadoluda turklarning joylashishini mustahkamlash bosqichi bo‘ldi. 1071-yilgi Malazgirt jangidan so‘ng o‘lja va yaylov ilinjida kelgan ko‘chmanchi turkman qabilalari barqarorlashgan saljuqiy boshqaruvi ostida mustahkam o‘rin egallay boshladilar. 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